Loner Groups

These groups each contain only one character. It is still good to know the phonetic component, since it may be of use in learning new characters not treated here, in the same or other languages.

戉

a kind of axe

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷat

Middle Chinese: hjwot

越
1757
việt
exceed, go beyond
越南
越僑
việt nam
việt kiều
Vietnam, Vietnamese
Vietnamese resident, overseas Vietnamese

癹

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: pʰaːd

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: baːd

發
1758
phát
issue, dispatch, send out, emit
發展
發現
phát triển
phát hiện
to develop, evolve, expand, grow, enrich (uranium); development, evolution, expansion
to discover; discovery

市

market (n.)

Old Chinese: *C.[d]əʔ

Middle Chinese: dzyiX

市
1759
thị
market, fair
市場
都市
thị trường
đô thị
market
city

業

1: work (n.)

Old Chinese: *[m-qʰ](r)[a]p

Middle Chinese: ngjaep

2: horizontal board of a bell stand or frame

Old Chinese: *[m-qʰ](r)[a]p

Middle Chinese: ngjaep

3: strong, sturdy

Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)[a]p

Middle Chinese: ngjaep

業
1760
nghiệp
profession, business, trade
營業
功業
doanh nghiệp
công nghiệp
trade, business
industry, work, achievement

開

1: to open (v.i.)

Old Chinese: *Nə-[k]ʰˤəj

Middle Chinese: khoj

2: to open (v.t.)

Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤəj

Middle Chinese: khoj

開
1761
khai
open
展開
開拓
triển khai
khai thác
to deploy, open out, unfold
to develop, exploit, use; exploitation, development

股

thigh

Old Chinese: *kʷˤaʔ

Middle Chinese: kuX

股
1762
cổ
thighs, haunches, rump
股票
股份
cổ phiếu
cổ phần
coupon, share certificate, share (of stock)
stock, share

襾

cover

Old Chinese: *qʰˤraʔ

Middle Chinese: xaeX

價
1763
giá
price, value
價值
比價
giá trị
tỷ giá
value, benefit; to be valid
exchange rate

目

eye

Old Chinese: *C.m(r)[u]k

Middle Chinese: mjuwk

目
1764
mục
eye
目標
目的
mục tiêu
mục đích
aim, purpose, object, objective, goal, target
aim, objective, goal, purpose, target, mark

保

protect

Old Chinese: *pˤuʔ

Middle Chinese: pawX

保
1765
bảo
protect, safeguard, defend, care
擔保
保衛
đảm bảo
bảo vệ
to ensure, guarantee, vouch for
insurance, protection, defense; to preserve, guard, defend, protect

報

repay

Old Chinese: *pˤuk-s

Middle Chinese: pawH

報
1766
báo
report, tell, announce
報告
警報
báo cáo
cảnh báo
to report; report
alarm, warning, alert; to warn

力

strength

Old Chinese: *k.rək

Middle Chinese: lik

力
1767
lực
power, capability, influence
力量
努力
lực lượng
nỗ lực
force, strength; strong, robust
to try, endeavor, strive, attempt; effort, struggle, attempt

全

complete (adj.)

Old Chinese: *[dz]o[n]

Middle Chinese: dzjwen

全
1768
toàn
maintain, keep whole or intact
安全
全球
an toàn
toàn cầu
safety, security; safe, secure
global, worldwide

質

1: hostage; gift

Old Chinese: *[t]ip-s

Middle Chinese: trijH

2: substance, solid part

Old Chinese: *t-lit

Middle Chinese: tsyit

質
1769
chất
matter, material, substance
質量
物質
chất lượng
vật chất
quality
matter, material thing; materialistic

甚

1: excessive, very

Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ

Middle Chinese: dzyimX

2: excessive

Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ-s

Middle Chinese: dzyimH

甚
1770
thậm
great extent
甚至
thậm chí
even

心

heart

Old Chinese: *səm

Middle Chinese: sim

心
1771
tâm
heart
關心
心理
quan tâm
tâm lý
to pay attention, take an interest, concern; interest (in something)
psychology, psychological

肯

to be willing

Old Chinese: *kʰˤəŋʔ

Middle Chinese: khongX

肯
1772
khẳng
willing
肯定
khẳng định
assertion; to assert, affirm

閏

intercalary month

Old Chinese: *nu[n]-s

Middle Chinese: nywinH

潤
1773
nhuận
soft, moist
潤色
利潤
nhuận sắc
lợi nhuận
to polish, embellish, revise (a text)
gains, profits

設

set up

Old Chinese: *ŋ̊et

Middle Chinese: syet

設
1774
thiết
build
設計
設備
thiết kế
thiết bị
to plan, design; design
to prepare, get ready, make ready, build up, build out; device, equipment

寉

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ɡluːwɢ

確
1775
xác
sure, certain
確定
確實
xác định
xác thực
to confirm, affirm, determine, fix, define
real, true, genuine

几

stool

Old Chinese: *C.kr[ə]jʔ

Middle Chinese: kijX

肌
1776
cơ
muscle tissue
肌體
cơ thể
organism, body

法

model, law

Old Chinese: *[p.k]ap

Middle Chinese: pjop

法
1777
pháp
law, rule, regulation, statute
解法
法律
giải pháp
pháp luật
solution (to a problem)
law

文

ornate

Old Chinese: *mə[n]

Middle Chinese: mjun

文
1778
văn
literature, culture, writing
文化
文本
văn hóa
văn bản
culture, education, schooling
document, text

服

1: quiver (n.)

Old Chinese: *[b]ək

Middle Chinese: bjuwk

2: garment; wear (v.)

Old Chinese: *[b]ək

Middle Chinese: bjuwk

3: subdue, submit

Old Chinese: *[b]ək

Middle Chinese: bjuwk

4: box of a carriage

Old Chinese: *[b]əʔ

Middle Chinese: bjuwX

服
1779
phục
clothes
服務
說服
phục vụ
thuyết phục
to serve, help, assist; service
to convince, persuade, preach

配

counterpart; be the counterpart of

Old Chinese: *pʰˤ[ə][j]-s

Middle Chinese: phwojH

配
1780
phối
match, pair
配合
分配
phối hợp
phân phối
to coordinate, combine, mate; synchronization, coordination
to distribute, allot, allocate; distribution

下

1: down

Old Chinese: *gˤraʔ

Middle Chinese: haeX

2: descend

Old Chinese: *m-gˤraʔ-s

Middle Chinese: haeH

下
1781
hạ
under, underneath, below
下層
下院
hạ tầng
hạ viện
minor, lower (level)
House of Representatives

死

die (v.)

Old Chinese: *sijʔ

Middle Chinese: sijX

死
1782
tử
die
死亡
死刑
tử vong
tử hình
death, fatality; to die; dead
death penalty; to be sentanced to death

部

lead (v.), govern

Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ(r)oʔ

Middle Chinese: buwX

部
1783
bộ
part, division, section
全部
部長
toàn bộ
bộ trưởng
whole, all, entire
secretary, minister; ministry, department

對

respond

Old Chinese: *[t]ˤ[u]p-s

Middle Chinese: twojH

對
1784
đối
correct, right
對手
相對
đối thủ
tương đối
rival, opponent, competitor
corresponding, relative, comparative; relative

入

enter

Old Chinese: *n[u]p

Middle Chinese: nyip

入
1785
nhập
enter, come in(to), join
收入
出入
thu nhập
xuất nhập
income; to receive, collect
expenditures and receipts

手

hand

Old Chinese: *n̥uʔ

Middle Chinese: syuwX

手
1786
thủ
hand
手續
手工
thủ tục
thủ công
formality, procedure
craft, handwork

寧

peace

Old Chinese: *nˤeŋ

Middle Chinese: neng

寧
1787
ninh
repose, serenity, peace
歸寧
安寧
quy ninh
an ninh
return to one’s paternal home after the wedding day
peace, health, security, safety

引

1: draw the bow

Old Chinese: *li[n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: yinX

2: draw the bow

Old Chinese: *li[n]ʔ-s

Middle Chinese: yinH

引
1788
dẫn
to pull, draw out, attract
吸引
指引
hấp dẫn
chỉ dẫn
interesting, attractive; to attract, tempt
to guide, instruct, show the way

衍

overflow

Old Chinese: *N-q(r)anʔ

Middle Chinese: yenX

衍
1789
diễn
overflow, spill over, spread out
推衍
衍變
suy diễn
diễn biến
to deduce, conclude, infer
development, event, happening; to evolve unfold, happen

册

tablet, records

Old Chinese: *[tsʰ](ˤ)rek

Middle Chinese: tsrheak

冊
1790
sách
book, volume
名冊
danh sách
list, roll, roster

名

name

Old Chinese: *C.meŋ

Middle Chinese: mjieng

名
1791
danh
name, rank, title, position
名冊
名號
danh sách
danh hiệu
list, roll, roster
name, designation

誩

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ɡaŋʔ

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ɡraŋs

3: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: l̥ʰuːms

競
1792
cạnh
contend, vie, compete
競爭
cạnh tranh
to contend, compete; competition

色

color; countenance

Old Chinese: *s.rək

Middle Chinese: srik

色
1793
sắc
color, tint, hue, shade
出色
特色
xuất sắc
đặc sắc
excellent, outstanding, remarkable, notable
characteristic, special, of unusual excellence

一

one

Old Chinese: *ʔi[t]

Middle Chinese: 'jit

一
1794
nhất
one
唯一
統一
duy nhất
thống nhất
single, only, unique, sole
to unify, unite, standardize; unification, united

表

exterior

Old Chinese: *p(r)awʔ

Middle Chinese: pjewX

表
1795
biểu
show, express, manifest, display
代表
表現
đại biểu
biểu hiện
representative, delegate
to show, reveal, manifest; revelation, symbol

東

east

Old Chinese: *tˤoŋ (< *tˤoŋʔ ?)

Middle Chinese: tuwng

東
1796
đông
east, eastern, eastward
東南
股東
đông nam
cổ đông
southeast
shareholder

習

repeat; practice

Old Chinese: *s-ɢʷəp (with root *ɢʷəp ‘wing’?)

Middle Chinese: zip

習
1797
tập
practice
學習
練習
học tập
luyện tập
to study, train, drill, learn
drill, exercise; to drill, practice, train

商

1: musical note

Old Chinese: *s-taŋ

Middle Chinese: syang

2: (place name)

Old Chinese: *s-taŋ

Middle Chinese: syang

3: estimate; business; trader

Old Chinese: *s-taŋ

Middle Chinese: syang

商
1798
thương
commerce, business, trade
工商
商量
công thương
thương lượng
industry and trade
to discuss, arrange, negotiate

族

clan

Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤok

Middle Chinese: dzuwk

族
1799
tộc
a family clan, ethnic group, tribe
民族
家族
dân tộc
gia tộc
people (as a nation)
family, household

自

1: self (adv.)

Old Chinese: *s.[b]i[t]-s

Middle Chinese: dzijH

2: to follow; from

Old Chinese: *s.[b]i[t]-s

Middle Chinese: dzijH

自
1800
tự
self, private, personal
自由
自豪
tự do
tự hào
freedom; to be free
pride; proud

料

measure (v.)

Old Chinese: *[r]ˤew-s

Middle Chinese: lewH

料
1801
liệu
consider, conjecture
原料
物料
nguyên liệu
vật liệu
raw material(s)
material(s)

突

1: burst through

Old Chinese: *m-tʰˤut

Middle Chinese: dwot

2: break through; suddenly

Old Chinese: *tʰˤut

Middle Chinese: thwot

突
1802
đột
suddenly, abruptly, unexpectedly
衝突
突破
xung đột
đột phá
conflict
to make a sudden attack on, make a breakthrough

災

calamity

Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤə

Middle Chinese: tsoj

災
1803
tai
calamity, disaster, catastrophe
災難
災變
tai nạn
tai biến
disaster, accident, tragedy
disaster, catastrophe

向

window facing North; turn towards

Old Chinese: *n̥aŋ-s

Middle Chinese: xjangH

向
1804
hướng
toward, direction, trend
定向
轉向
định hướng
chuyển hướng
to orient; orientation
to change, move direction

秊

年
1805
niên
year
青年
常年
thanh niên
thường niên
young person, young people
yearly, annual

班

divide, distribute

Old Chinese: *pˤan

Middle Chinese: paen

班
1806
ban
class, group, grade
交班
西班牙
giao ban
tây ban nha
hand over to the next shift
Spain, Spanish

西

1: west

Old Chinese: *s-nˤər

Middle Chinese: sej

2: west

Old Chinese: *s-nˤər

Middle Chinese: sej

西
1807
tây
west(ern)
西班牙
西南
tây ban nha
tây nam
Spain, Spanish
southwest

茍

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: kɯɡ

極
1808
cực
extreme, utmost, furthest, final
消極
極端
tiêu cực
cực đoan
negative, passive
extreme

備

complete (adj.)

Old Chinese: *[b]rək-s

Middle Chinese: bijH

備
1809
bị
prepare, ready, perfect
裝備
預備
trang bị
dự bị
to upgrade, outfit, refurbish, equip, arm; equipment
(1) reservists (solders); (2) to prepare

鬥

quarrel, wrangle

Old Chinese: *tˤok-s

Middle Chinese: tuwH

鬥
1810
đấu
struggle, fight, compete, contend
戰鬥
鬥爭
chiến đấu
đấu tranh
to fight, struggle
to fight, struggle

存

exist

Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤə[n]

Middle Chinese: dzwon

存
1811
tồn
exist, live, be
存在
保存
tồn tại
bảo tồn
to exist, remain, survive, last; existence, life
to preserve, conserve, keep, maintain

討

examine; denounce

Old Chinese: *[t]ʰˤuʔ

Middle Chinese: thawX

討
1812
thảo
to discuss
討論
thảo luận
to discuss, debate, talk; discussion, debate

寅

1: 3rd earthly branch

Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ər

Middle Chinese: yij

2: 3rd earthly branch

Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ər

Middle Chinese: yin

演
1813
diễn
perform, put on
演出
導演
diễn xuất
đạo diễn
perform, act
to stage, direct, produce (a film); producer, manager, director

衛

to guard

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)a[t]-s

Middle Chinese: hjwejH

衛
1814
vệ
guard, protect, defend
後衛
中衛
hậu vệ
trung vệ
back (in football)
center, half-back, midfield player

衆

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: tjuŋ

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: tjuŋs

眾
1815
chúng
masses, people, multitude, crowd
公眾
大眾
công chúng
đại chúng
the public; (in) public
the people, the masses; popular

劦

with united forces

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤep

Middle Chinese: hep

協
1816
hiệp
be united
協會
協定
hiệp hội
hiệp định
association
agreement, convention; to agree

後

1: after

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤ(r)oʔ

Middle Chinese: huwX

2: put after ?

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤ(r)oʔ-s

Middle Chinese: huwH

後
1817
hậu
behind, rear, after
後果
後勤
hậu quả
hậu cần
consequence, result
logistics

步

step

Old Chinese: *mə-bˤa-s

Middle Chinese: buH

步
1818
bộ
step, pace
同步
進步
đồng bộ
tiến bộ
synchronous; to standardize
to improve, progress, advance; improvement, progress

信

truthful

Old Chinese: *s-ni[ŋ]-s

Middle Chinese: sinH

信
1819
tín
trust, believe
威信
信號
uy tín
tín hiệu
prestige, fame; prestigious
signal, sign

臺

tower

Old Chinese: *lˤə

Middle Chinese: doj

臺
1820
đài
tower, lookout
臺灣
臺北
đài loan
đài bắc
Taiwan
Taipei

畢

1: wooden fork

Old Chinese: *pi[t]

Middle Chinese: pjit

2: bird-net

Old Chinese: *pi[t]

Middle Chinese: pjit

3: finish (v.)

Old Chinese: *pi[t]

Middle Chinese: pjit

畢
1821
tất
end, finish, conclude
畢業
完畢
tất nghiệp
hoàn tất
to graduate
to finish, complete, be completed; finished, complete

号

command, call (n.)

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤaw-s

Middle Chinese: hawH

號
1822
hiệu
mark, sign
訊號
記號
tín hiệu
ký hiệu
signal, sign
symbol, sign, notation

水

water; river

Old Chinese: *s.turʔ (E dialect: *-r > *-j)

Middle Chinese: sywijX

水
1823
thủy
water, liquid, lotion, juice
水產
水電
thủy sản
thủy điện
marine products
hydroelectric; hydroelectricity

委

1: 委蛇 compliant, complaisant

Old Chinese: *q(r)oj

Middle Chinese: 'jwe

2: entrust to

Old Chinese: *q(r)ojʔ

Middle Chinese: 'jweX

3: collect; store

Old Chinese: *q(r)ojʔ

Middle Chinese: 'jweX

4: bend; hang down

Old Chinese: *q(r)orʔ

Middle Chinese: 'jweX

委
1824
ủy
appoint, send, commission
省委
委員
tỉnh ủy
ủy viên
provincial delegate, committee, commissioner
committee member, commissioner

气

(inhaled thing:) breath, air, vapors

Old Chinese: *C.qʰəp-s

Middle Chinese: khj+jH

氣
1825
khí
air, gas, steam, vapor
氣候
油氣
khí hậu
dầu khí
climate
natural gas, petroleum

丩

twist (v.)

Old Chinese: *k-riw (dialect: *k-r- > *kr-)

Middle Chinese: kjiw

收
1826
thu
gather together, collect
收穫
收拾
thu hoạch
thu thập
to harvest, reap, obtain
to collect, gather

絕

cut off

Old Chinese: *[dz]ot

Middle Chinese: dzjwet

絕
1827
tuyệt
cut, sever, break off, terminate
絕對
絕望
tuyệt đối
tuyệt vọng
absolute, total, complete
desperate

厶

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: sil

私
1828
tư
private, personal
私人
公私
tư nhân
công tư
private, particular
public and private

去

1: get rid of

Old Chinese: *[kʰ](r)aʔ

Middle Chinese: khjoX

2: depart

Old Chinese: *[k]ʰ(r)ap-s

Middle Chinese: khjoH

去
1829
khứ
go away, leave, depart
過去
quá khứ
the past

奮

spread wings and fly

Old Chinese: *(Cə.)pə[r]-s (W dialect)

Middle Chinese: pjunH

奮
1830
phấn
strive, exert effort
奮鬥
興奮
phấn đấu
hưng phấn
to strive, struggle
to excite

展

1: roll over; unfold

Old Chinese: *trenʔ

Middle Chinese: trjenX

2: ritual robe

Old Chinese: *tra[n]-s

Middle Chinese: trjenH

展
1831
triển
open, unfold
展望
展覽
triển vọng
triển lãm
prospect, expectation, outlook, promise
exhibition; to exhibit

南

south

Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə]m

Middle Chinese: nom

南
1832
nam
south
南部
南漢
nam bộ
nam hàn
southern part (of an area)
South Korea

衰

1: mourning clothes

Old Chinese: *[s.r̥]ˤruj

Middle Chinese: tshwoj

2: reduce

Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]roj

Middle Chinese: tsrhjwe

3: diminish, decline

Old Chinese: *sruj

Middle Chinese: srwij

衰
1833
suy
decline, falter, decrease
衰退
衰弱
suy thoái
suy nhược
recession, slump, decline, drop; to degrade, regress, recess, decline, drop
weakening, asthenic

負

carry on the back

Old Chinese: *[b]əʔ

Middle Chinese: bjuwX

負
1834
phụ
load, burden
負責
負載
phụ trách
phụ tải
to undertake, assume responsibility for, be in charge of
additional charge, load

涉

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: djeb

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: teːb

涉
1835
thiệp
ford stream, wade across
交涉
干涉
giao thiệp
can thiệp
relationship, contact; to have relations with, be in contact
to intervene, interfere, meddle; intervention, meddling

啓

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: kʰeːʔ

啟
1836
khởi
open
啟動
khởi động
to start (up), initiate, reboot

鬳

boiler

Old Chinese: *ŋar-s

Middle Chinese: ngjonH

獻
1837
hiến
offer, present
獻計
貢獻
hiến kế
cống hiến
offer suggestions
to contribute

頪

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: roːds

類
1838
loại
class, group, kind, category
類型
分類
loại hình
phân loại
type, form, genre
to classify, distribute; classification

育

breed, produce

Old Chinese: *m-quk

Middle Chinese: yuwk

育
1839
dục
produce, give birth to
體育
教育學
thể dục
giáo dục học
exercises, gymnastics, physical education
pedagogics, pedagogy

尸

corpse

Old Chinese: *l̥̥[ə]j

Middle Chinese: syij

屍
1840
thi
corpse, carcass
屍體
屍骸
thi thể
thi hài
corpse, dead body
body (dead), corpse

便

1: comfortable; advantageous

Old Chinese: *[b]e[n]-s

Middle Chinese: bjienH

2: glib-tongued

Old Chinese: *[b]e[n]

Middle Chinese: bjien

便
1841
tiện
convenience, ease
順便
便利
thuận tiện
tiện lợi
convenient, favorable, suitable
convenient, handy, user-friendly

豐

1: luxuriant, abundant (K)

Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ

Middle Chinese: phjowng

2: luxuriant, abundant (K)

Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ

Middle Chinese: phjowng

3: a kind of ritual vessel

Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ

Middle Chinese: phjowng

4: kind of ritual vessel

Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ (MC F!)

Middle Chinese: phjuwng

豐
1842
phong
abundant, lush, bountiful, plenty
豐富
豐登
phong phú
phong đăng
rich, abundant
good harvest

外

outside

Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s

Middle Chinese: ngwajH

外
1843
ngoại
out, outside, external
外長
外幣
ngoại trưởng
ngoại tệ
foreign minister; secretary of state
foreign currency

美

beautiful

Old Chinese: *[m]rəjʔ

Middle Chinese: mijX

美
1844
mỹ
beautiful, pretty
審美
南美
thẩm mỹ
nam mỹ
taste, sense; to appreciate beauty
South America

善

good

Old Chinese: *[g]e[n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: dzyenX

善
1845
thiện
good, virtuous, charitable, kind
慈善
良善
từ thiện
lương thiện
charitable, benevolent; charity, benevolence
honest, upright, upstanding, good, moral

罪

crime, offense

Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤujʔ

Middle Chinese: dzwojX

罪
1846
tội
crime, sin, vice
犯罪
罪名
phạm tội
tội danh
to commit a crime, sin; crime offence; sinful, guilty
(criminal) charge, count

鼓

drum (n.)

Old Chinese: *[k]ˤaʔ

Middle Chinese: kuX

鼓
1847
cổ
drum
鼓舞
cổ vũ
to cheer, encourage

瑣

1: chain

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤojʔ

Middle Chinese: swaX

2: small, fragment

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤojʔ

Middle Chinese: swaX

鎖
1848
tỏa
lock, padlock
解鎖
封鎖
giải tỏa
phong tỏa
to raise a blockade, release (funds, documents, etc.)
to block, blockade, besiege

臱

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: men

邊
1849
biên
edge, margin, side, border
邊防
邊疆
biên phòng
biên cương
border guard, frontier guard
border, frontier, boundary

兀

amputate the feet

Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤut

Middle Chinese: ngwot

兀
1850
ngột
to cut off the feet
突兀
đột ngột
sudden, abrupt, unexpected; suddenly, unexpectedly, out of the blue

殳

a kind of lance

Old Chinese: *[d]o

Middle Chinese: dzyu

投
1851
đầu
throw, cast, fling, pitch
投機
投軍
đầu cơ
đầu quân
to speculate (financial)
go into the army, enlist

就

go to

Old Chinese: *[dz]u[k]-s

Middle Chinese: dzjuwH

就
1852
tựu
just, simply
成就
就學
thành tựu
tựu học
achievement
first day of school

皃

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: mreːwɢs

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: mreːwɢ

貌
1853
mạo
countenance, appearance
面貌
地貌
diện mạo
địa mạo
face, countenance
geomorphology

初

beginning

Old Chinese: *[ts]ʰra

Middle Chinese: tsrhjo

初
1854
sơ
beginning, initial, primary
初步
初生
sơ bộ
sơ sinh
preliminary
newly formed, newly created, newborn

款

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: kʰloːnʔ

款
1855
khoản
item, article
條款
落款
điều khoản
lạc khoản
clause, term, article, covenant, provision
name and title

身

body; self

Old Chinese: *n̥i[ŋ]

Middle Chinese: syin

身
1856
thân
body
獨身
出身
độc thân
xuất thân
single, celibate, unmarried
to come from

華

1: flower (n.)

Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤra

Middle Chinese: xwae

2: flower (v.); flowery (adj.)

Old Chinese: *N-qʷʰˤra

Middle Chinese: hwae

3: [name of a mountain]

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤra-s

Middle Chinese: hwaeH

華
1857
hoa
flowery
升華
精華
thăng hoa
tinh hoa
resublime, sublimate; to increase, progress
essence, best part, crème de la crème

率

1: bird net

Old Chinese: *[r]ut-s

Middle Chinese: lwijH

2: norm, standard

Old Chinese: *[r]ut

Middle Chinese: lwit

3: lead (v.); commander

Old Chinese: *s-rut-s

Middle Chinese: srwijH

4: follow, go along

Old Chinese: *s-rut

Middle Chinese: srwit

率
1858
suất
to lead
效率
利率
hiệu suất
lợi suất
efficiency, performance, productivity, output
interest rate

蒐

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: sru

蒐
1859
sưu
collect, gather, assemble
蒐集
sưu tập
to collect, gather

男

man, male

Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə]m

Middle Chinese: nom

男
1860
nam
male, man
男生
男性
nam sinh
nam tính
boy pupil, boy student
male sex

旅

military unit of 500 men; to go

Old Chinese: *[r]aʔ

Middle Chinese: ljoX

旅
1861
lữ
trip, journey
旅行
旅客
lữ hành
lữ khách
travel
traveler

件

item

Old Chinese: *[g]r[a][n]ʔ (no pre-Qín exx?)

Middle Chinese: gjenX

件
1862
kiện
numerary adjunct for article
零件
文件
linh kiện
văn kiện
components, spare parts
document

典

statute, norm

Old Chinese: *tˤə[r]ʔ

Middle Chinese: tenX

典
1863
điển
law, canon
瑞典
古典
thụy điển
cổ điển
Sweden
classic, classical; classics

芇

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: men

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: meːnʔ

3: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: maːn

滿
1864
mãn
fill
圓滿
不滿
viên mãn
bất mãn
perfect, faultless, finished, complete, full
dissatisfied, unhappy, discontented

罰

punish

Old Chinese: *[b][a]t

Middle Chinese: bjot

罰
1865
phạt
penalty, fine
刑罰
賞罰
hình phạt
thưởng phạt
penalty
to reward and punish

閉

close (v.); obstruct

Old Chinese: *pˤi[t]-s

Middle Chinese: pejH

閉
1866
bế
shut, close
閉塞
閉門
bế tắc
bế môn
deadlocked, obstructed, at an impasse; to block, obstruct
to close the door

辭

words

Old Chinese: *sə.lə

Middle Chinese: zi

辭
1867
từ
words, speech, expression, phrase
辭職
告辭
từ chức
cáo từ
to resign (from office), step down
to say goodbye, take one’s leave

医

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: qiːs

醫
1868
y
medicine
醫學
醫藥
y học
y dược
medicine (as a field of study)
medicine and pharmacy

芻

grass for fuel or fodder

Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ro

Middle Chinese: tsrhju

趨
1869
xu
hasten, hurry
趨勢
xu thế
general trend, tendency

旡

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: kɯds

概
1870
khái
generally, approximately
概念
大概
khái niệm
đại khái
concept, notion
in general

雙

a pair

Old Chinese: *[s]roŋ

Middle Chinese: sraewng

雙
1871
song
set of two, pair, couple
雙方
雙工
song phương
song công
bilateral
duplex

慶

happy, rejoice

Old Chinese: *[kʰ]raŋ-s

Middle Chinese: khjaengH

慶
1872
khánh
congratulate, celebrate
國慶
quốc khánh
national celebration

宷

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: hljɯmʔ

審
1873
thẩm
examine, investigate
審查
審問
thẩm tra
thẩm vấn
investigate, examine and verify
to interrogate, investigate, enquire, examine, question; enquiry, examination

宮

dwelling; palace; note of scale

Old Chinese: *k(r)uŋ

Middle Chinese: kjuwng

宮
1874
cung
palace, temple, dwelling, enclose
子宮
宮殿
tử cung
cung điện
uterus
palace

聶

promise; whisper in one's ear

Old Chinese: *nrep

Middle Chinese: nrjep

攝
1875
nhiếp
take in, absorb
攝影
攝影家
nhiếp ảnh
nhiếp ảnh gia
photography; to photograph, take a photograph
photographer

霝

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: reːŋ

靈
1876
linh
spirit, soul
心靈
靈魂
tâm linh
linh hồn
heart, spirit
soul, spirit

昔

in the past

Old Chinese: *[s]Ak

Middle Chinese: sjek

籍
1877
tịch
record, register, list
國籍
入籍
quốc tịch
nhập tịch
nationality, citizenship
to be naturalized, be granted citizenship; to naturalize, make a citizen

巤

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: rab

臘
1878
lạp
year-end sacrifice
希臘
hy lạp
Greece, Greek

咠

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ʔsib

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: shib

輯
1879
tập
gather up, collect
總編輯
編輯
tổng biên tập
biên tập
editorial director, editor-in-chief
to edit, write

素

white silk

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak-s

Middle Chinese: suH

素
1880
tố
white (silk)
毒素
元素
độc tố
nguyên tố
toxin, poison
element, atom

抑

1: and, but, or

Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)ik

Middle Chinese: 'ik

2: rub, repress

Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ik

Middle Chinese: 'ik

抑
1881
ức
press down, repress
抑制
冤抑
ức chế
oan ức
to oppress, suppress, inhibit, restrict, control, repress, restrain
being victim of a glaring injustice

徒

go on foot

Old Chinese: *[d]ˤa

Middle Chinese: du

徒
1882
đồ
disciple, follower
信徒
門徒
tín đồ
môn đồ
believer, follower of a religion
disciple, follower

晶

bright, limpid

Old Chinese: *tseŋ

Middle Chinese: tsjeng

晶
1883
tinh
crystal
水晶
晶體
thủy tinh
tinh thể
crystal, glass
crystal, crystalline, fine glass

繼

continue

Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ[e]-s

Middle Chinese: kejH

繼
1884
kế
continue, maintain, carry on
繼承
繼任
kế thừa
kế nhiệm
inheritance; to inherit
successor

毒

1: poison (n.)

Old Chinese: *[d]ˤuk

Middle Chinese: dowk

2: to poison (v.)

Old Chinese: *m-[d]ˤuk-s

Middle Chinese: dowk

毒
1885
độc
poison, venom
解毒
投毒
giải độc
đầu độc
to administer an antidote, detoxify
to poison

飛

fly (v.)

Old Chinese: *Cə.pə[r] (dialect: *-r > *-j)

Middle Chinese: pj+j

飛
1886
phi
fly
飛行
飛機
phi hành
phi cơ
aerial navigation, flight
plane, airplane, aircraft

弱

weak

Old Chinese: *newk

Middle Chinese: nyak

弱
1887
nhược
weak
弱點
懦弱
nhược điểm
nhu nhược
weak point, weakness
feeble, faint, weak

殿

1: palace

Old Chinese: *[N-t]ˤə[n]-s

Middle Chinese: denH

2: rear (building, army unit)

Old Chinese: *tˤə[n]-s

Middle Chinese: tenH

3: palace, hall

Old Chinese: *tˤə[n]-s

Middle Chinese: tenH

殿
1888
điện
hall
殿下
宮殿
điện hạ
cung điện
your royal highness
palace

彖

running pig

Old Chinese: *l̥ˤo[r]-s

Middle Chinese: thwanH

緣
1889
duyên
hem, margin
情緣
因緣
tình duyên
nhân duyên
love, bonds or ties of love
predestined affinity, predestined marital union

顯

display, manifest

Old Chinese: *qʰˤenʔ

Middle Chinese: xenX

顯
1890
hiển
manifest, display
顯然
顯現
hiển nhiên
hiển hiện
evident, obvious, clear
to appear clearly

壴

stand for musical instruments

Old Chinese: *toʔ-s

Middle Chinese: trjuH

樹
1891
thụ
tree
古樹
cổ thụ
ancient tree, century-old tree, very old tree

郵

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ɢʷɯ

郵
1892
bưu
postal, mail
郵電
郵政
bưu điện
bưu chính
post office, Post, Telephone, and Telegraph Office (PTT)
post, postal service

器

vessel; instrument

Old Chinese: *[kʰ]r[ə][t]-s

Middle Chinese: khijH

器
1893
khí
receptacle, vessel
兇器
器材
hung khí
khí tài
murder weapon
material, equipment

删

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: sraːn

珊
1894
san
coral
珊瑚
san hô
coral

愛

to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)

Old Chinese: *[q]ˤə[p]-s

Middle Chinese: 'ojH

愛
1895
ái
love, be fond of, like
仁愛
情愛
nhân ái
tình ái
compassionate, humane
love, affection, passion

兵

weapon

Old Chinese: *praŋ

Middle Chinese: pjaeng

兵
1896
binh
soldier, troops
炮兵
步兵
pháo binh
bộ binh
artillery, artilleryman
infantry, infantryman; Ministry of War

亨

1: penetrate

Old Chinese: *qʰˤraŋ

Middle Chinese: xaeng

2: (loan for) to boil

Old Chinese: *[p.qʰ]ˤraŋ

Middle Chinese: phaeng

3: sacrificial offering

Old Chinese: *[qʰ]aŋʔ

Middle Chinese: xjangX

享
1897
hưởng
enjoy
共享
享受
cộng hưởng
hưởng thụ
(1) to enjoy together; (2) resonance
to enjoy

嘼

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: qʰlus

獸
1898
thú
beast, animal
獸醫
猛獸
thú y
mãnh thú
veterinary
wild beast

夢

dream

Old Chinese: *C.məŋ-s

Middle Chinese: mjuwngH

夢
1899
mộng
dream
惡夢
夢遊
ác mộng
mộng du
nightmare
to sleepwalk

敕

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: tʰɯɡ

敕
1900
sắc
an imperial order or decree
敕令
sắc lệnh
decree, order

圖

consider

Old Chinese: *[d]ˤa

Middle Chinese: du

圖
1901
đồ
diagram
圖畫
意圖
đồ họa
ý đồ
drawing, graphic (image)
intention, design

豙

enraged boar

Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ə[t]-s

Middle Chinese: ngj+jH

毅
1902
nghị
resolute, decisive, firm, persist
毅力
剛毅
nghị lực
cương nghị
energy, will
resolute, firm, determined

叟

old man

Old Chinese: *s-ruʔ (dialect: > *sruʔ > MC srjuwX > sruwX > suwX)

Middle Chinese: suwX

搜
1903
sưu
search, seek
搜尋
sưu tầm
to collect, search for, hunt, look for, gather

凸

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: dɯːd

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: duːd

凸
1904
đột
protrude, bulge out, convex
凸出
đột xuất
to burst out of

舄

1: slipper, shoe

Old Chinese: *s.qʰAk

Middle Chinese: sjek

2: slipper, shoe

Old Chinese: *s.qʰak (dialect: *s.qʰ> MC tsh-, *-ak > -jak)

Middle Chinese: tshjak

寫
1905
tả
write
寫實
描寫
tả thực
miêu tả
realistic
to describe, define, represent

苗

sprout (n.)

Old Chinese: *m(r)aw

Middle Chinese: mjew

描
1906
miêu
copy, trace, sketch
描寫
miêu tả
to describe, define, represent

盡

1: exhaust (v.)

Old Chinese: *tsi[n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: tsinX

2: exhaust (v.)

Old Chinese: *m-tsi[n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: dzinX

盡
1907
tận
exhaust, use up
盡心
無盡
tận tâm
vô tận
whole-hearted
endless, limitless, boundless, inexhaustible

帚

broom

Old Chinese: *[t.p]əʔ

Middle Chinese: tsyuwX

婦
1908
phụ
married women
產婦
婦科
sản phụ
phụ khoa
woman in childbirth, lying-in woman
gynecology

圥

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ruɡ

灶
1909
táo
kitchen stove, cooking stove
小灶
灶君
tiểu táo
táo quân
high regime of eating
Kitchen God

后

sovereign; queen

Old Chinese: *ɢˤ(r)oʔ

Middle Chinese: huwX

后
1910
hậu
queen, empress, sovereign
皇后
后土
hoàng hậu
hậu thổ
empress, queen
goddess of the earth

戌

11th earthly branch

Old Chinese: *s.mi[t]

Middle Chinese: swit

滅
1911
diệt
extinguish
毀滅
滅種
hủy diệt
diệt chủng
to destroy completely, exterminate
extermination, genocide; to exterminate, wipe out

龖

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: l'ɯːb

襲
1912
tập
raid, attack
空襲
襲擊
không tập
tập kích
air strike, air raid
to attack by surprise

圣

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: kʰuːd

怪
1913
quái
strange, unusual, peculiar
怪物
奇怪
quái vật
kỳ quái
monster, creature
bizarre, extraordinary, monstrous, strange, odd

囚

prisoner

Old Chinese: *sə.lu

Middle Chinese: zjuw

囚
1914
tù
prisoner, convict
囚人
死囚
tù nhân
tử tù
prisoner, captive, detainee
prisoner under death penalty or sentence

再

twice; a second time

Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤə(ʔ)-s

Middle Chinese: tsojH

再
1915
tái
again, twice, re-
再發
再生
tái phát
tái sinh
to (have a) relapse, recur
to have rebirth, regenerate

得

obtain

Old Chinese: *tˤək

Middle Chinese: tok

得
1916
đắc
obtain, get, gain, acquire
得力
心得
đắc lực
tâm đắc
able, capable, efficient
to understand thoroughly, sympathize fully

逐

pursue

Old Chinese: *[l]riwk

Middle Chinese: drjuwk

逐
1917
trục
chase, expel
逐出
trục xuất
to expel, deport, extradite, drive out

妥

at ease

Old Chinese: *n̥ˤojʔ

Middle Chinese: thwaX

妥
1918
thỏa
satisfactory, appropriate
妥當
妥協
thỏa đáng
thỏa hiệp
appropriate, fitting, satisfactory
agreement, understanding; to agree, reach a compromise

印

seal

Old Chinese: *[ʔ]iŋ-s

Middle Chinese: 'jinH

印
1919
ấn
print, seal, stamp, chop, mark
印度洋
印本
ấn độ dương
ấn bản
Indian Ocean
version, edition, printing, printed matter

鬧

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: rnaːws

鬧
1920
náo
quarrel
鬧熱
喧鬧
náo nhiệt
huyên náo
animated, eventful, bustling
noisy, loud, clamorous

泰

great

Old Chinese: *l̥ˤa[t]-s

Middle Chinese: thajH

泰
1921
thái
great, exalted, superior
泰山
thái sơn
(name of a mountain in China)

企

1: stand on tiptoe

Old Chinese: *kʰeʔ

Middle Chinese: khjieX

2: stand on tiptoe

Old Chinese: *kʰeʔ-s

Middle Chinese: khjieH

企
1922
xí
plan a project
企業
xí nghiệp
business, enterprise

盍

thatch, cover (v.)

Old Chinese: *m-[k]ˤap

Middle Chinese: hap

蓋
1923
cái
cover, hide, protect
蓋頭
蓋印
cái đầu
cái ấn
head
seal

玉

jade

Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)ok (< uvular?)

Middle Chinese: ngjowk

玉
1924
ngọc
jade, precious stone, gem
玉女
玉蘭
ngọc nữ
ngọc lan
beautiful girl, fairy
magnolia

履

tread on; sandal

Old Chinese: *[r]ijʔ

Middle Chinese: lijX

履
1925
lý
footwear, shoes
履歷
lý lịch
personal history, curriculum vitae, résumé, background

劣

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: rod

劣
1926
liệt
bad, inferior
優劣
惡劣
ưu liệt
ác liệt
good and bad
very fierce, very violent

冡

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: moːŋ

蒙
1927
mông
cover
蒙古
mông cổ
Mongolia

獄

lawsuit; prison

Old Chinese: *[ŋ]rok

Middle Chinese: ngjowk

獄
1928
ngục
prison, jail
地獄
獄吏
địa ngục
ngục lại
hell
jailer

囷

round granary

Old Chinese: *kʰrun

Middle Chinese: khwin

菌
1929
khuẩn
mushroom
抗菌
滅菌
kháng khuẩn
diệt khuẩn
antibacterial
to sterilize

頻

1: frequently

Old Chinese: *[b]i[n]

Middle Chinese: bjin

2: river bank

Old Chinese: *[m-p]i[n]

Middle Chinese: bjin

頻
1930
tần
frequently, again and again
頻數
高頻
tần số
cao tần
frequency
high frequency

發

fly forth, send forth

Old Chinese: *Cə.pat

Middle Chinese: pjot

廢
1931
phế
abrogate, terminate, discard
廢料
殘廢
phế liệu
tàn phế
waste, scrap
crippled, handicapped, disabled, invalid

缶

earthenware

Old Chinese: *p(r)uʔ

Middle Chinese: pjuwX

寶
1932
bảo
treasure, jewel
國寶
寶瓶
quốc bảo
bảo bình
precious national object
Aquarius

送

escort (v.), send

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤoŋ-s

Middle Chinese: suwngH

送
1933
tống
see off, send off
護送
送葬
hộ tống
tống táng
to escort
to attend a funeral

退

withdraw (≠ advance)

Old Chinese: *n̥ˤ[u]p-s

Middle Chinese: thwojH

退
1934
thoái
step back, retreat, withdraw
退化
進退兩難
thoái hóa
tiến thoái lưỡng nan
to degenerate, decline
to be in a dilemma

裔

posterity; border

Old Chinese: *l[a][t]-s

Middle Chinese: yejH

裔
1935
duệ
progeny, descendants, posterity
後裔
hậu duệ
offspring, descendant

录

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: b·roːɡ

錄
1936
lục
copy, write down, record
附錄
筆錄
phụ lục
bút lục
appendix, addendum, supplement
records

早

early

Old Chinese: *Nə.tsˤuʔ

Middle Chinese: tsawX

草
1937
thảo
grass, straw, thatch, herbs
草木
甘草
thảo mộc
cam thảo
plants, vegetation
licorice

奪

seize

Old Chinese: *Cə.lˤot

Middle Chinese: dwat

奪
1938
đoạt
take by force, rob, snatch
定奪
奪權
định đoạt
đoạt quyền
to decide, determine
to usurp power

幻

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ɡʷreːns

幻
1939
ảo
illusion, fantasy, mirage
幻想
幻覺
ảo tưởng
ảo giác
illusion, dream, mirage
(optical) illusion, fantasy

隶

reach to

Old Chinese: *m-rˤəp-s

Middle Chinese: dojH

隸
1940
lệ
be subservient to
隸屬
奴隸
lệ thuộc
nô lệ
dependent, subordinate; to depend
slave, slavery

牡

male

Old Chinese: *m(r)uʔ

Middle Chinese: muwX

牡
1941
mẫu
male of animals
牡丹
mẫu đơn
(1) application form; (2) peony

冃

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: muːɡs

冒
1942
mạo
risk, brave, dare
冒名
感冒
mạo danh
cảm mạo
assume another person’s name, take a false name, be an impostor
to be indisposed (by a cold), catch a cold

月

moon, month

Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷat

Middle Chinese: ngjwot

月
1943
nguyệt
moon
月桂
明月
nguyệt quế
minh nguyệt
laurel
bright moon

升

1: 1/10th of a dǒu 斗

Old Chinese: *s-təŋ

Middle Chinese: sying

2: rise (v.)

Old Chinese: *s-təŋ

Middle Chinese: sying

升
1944
thăng
arise, go up
升職
升天
thăng chức
thăng thiên
to promote somebody (to the post of), grant
to ascend heaven

蔑

destroy; not have

Old Chinese: *mˤet

Middle Chinese: met

蔑
1945
miệt
disdain, disregard
蔑視
輕蔑
miệt thị
khinh miệt
despise, hold in contempt, disdain
think little and scorn

言

1: (a particle)

Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]

Middle Chinese: ngjon

2: I, we

Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]

Middle Chinese: ngjon

3: speak; speech

Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]

Middle Chinese: ngjon

4: tall

Old Chinese: *ŋa[r]

Middle Chinese: ngjon

言
1946
ngôn
words, speech
言辭
宣言
ngôn từ
tuyên ngôn
words, language
proclamation, manifesto, statement

桀

1: remarkable; hero

Old Chinese: *N-[k]at

Middle Chinese: gjet

2: perch for fowls

Old Chinese: *m-[k]at

Middle Chinese: gjet

3: lift, raise

Old Chinese: *[k]at

Middle Chinese: kjet

傑
1947
kiệt
hero
俊傑
傑作
tuấn kiệt
kiệt tác
talent
masterpiece

葬

bury

Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤaŋ-s

Middle Chinese: tsangH

葬
1948
táng
bury, inter
安葬
火葬
an táng
hỏa táng
to bury
to cremate, incinerate

轟

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: qʰʷreːŋ

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: qʰʷreːŋs

轟
1949
oanh
rumble, explosion, blast
轟炸
轟炸機
oanh tạc
oanh tạc cơ
to bomb (from the air); (aerial) bombing, bombardment
bomber (aircraft)

爵

nobility, rank

Old Chinese: *[ts]ewk

Middle Chinese: tsjak

爵
1950
tước
feudal title or rank
公爵
子爵
công tước
tử tước
duke, duchess (title of nobility)
viscount

香

fragrance

Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ

Middle Chinese: xjang

香
1951
hương
fragrant, sweet-smelling
沉香
香花
trầm hương
hương hoa
aloe wood
joss-sticks and flowers

臼

mortar

Old Chinese: *C.[g]ʷəʔ

Middle Chinese: gjuwX

舊
1952
cựu
old, ancient
舊學
舊交
cựu học
cựu giao
traditional training
old acquaintance

粲

bright and white

Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤar-s

Middle Chinese: tshanH

燦
1953
xán
vivid, illuminating
燦爛
xán lạn
splendid, bright

虐

cruel

Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)awk

Middle Chinese: ngjak

虐
1954
ngược
cruel, harsh, oppressive
殘虐
虐待
tàn ngược
ngược đãi
cruel, tyrant
to persecute, mistreat, maltreat, abuse; mistreatment, maltreatment

冥

dark

Old Chinese: *mˤeŋ

Middle Chinese: meng

冥
1955
minh
dark, gloomy, night
幽冥
u minh
dark, somber, gloomy

幽

dark; secluded

Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)iw

Middle Chinese: 'jiw

幽
1956
u
quiet, secluded, tranquil
幽冥
幽明
u minh
u minh
dark, somber, gloomy
dark, somber, gloomy

妃

consort; match

Old Chinese: *pʰ[ə][j]

Middle Chinese: phj+j

妃
1957
phi
wife, spouse
妃嬪
phi tần
royal concubines

彭

(place name)

Old Chinese: *C.[b]ˤraŋ

Middle Chinese: baeng

膨
1958
bành
to swell
膨脹
bành trướng
to develop, expand, spread, extend

塵

dust (n.)

Old Chinese: *[d]rə[n]

Middle Chinese: drin

塵
1959
trần
dust, dirt, ashes, cinders
塵世
風塵
trần thế
phong trần
this world
adversity, hardships

亂

disorder, rebellion

Old Chinese: *[r]ˤo[n]-s

Middle Chinese: lwanH

亂
1960
loạn
confusion, state of chaos
擾亂
亂視
nhiễu loạn
loạn thị
to disturb, upset
astigmatism

省

inspect

Old Chinese: *[s]eŋʔ

Middle Chinese: sjengX

省
1961
tỉnh
province
省長
內省
tỉnh trưởng
nội tỉnh
governor of a province, provincial chief
introspection

萈

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ɡoːn

寬
1962
khoan
broad, wide
寬容
寬恕
khoan dung
khoan thứ
tolerant, lenient
to forgive, tolerate

厷

雄
1963
hùng
male of species
雄辯
爭雄
hùng biện
tranh hùng
eloquent
to fight for supremacy

霸

1: have hegemony

Old Chinese: *pˤrak-s

Middle Chinese: paeH

2: new moon

Old Chinese: *[pʰˤ]rak

Middle Chinese: phaek

霸
1964
bá
rule by might rather than right
霸道
霸權
bá đạo
bá quyền
authoritarian, dictatorial, potent; short-cut
hegemony

辱

disgrace

Old Chinese: *nok

Middle Chinese: nyowk

辱
1965
nhục
humiliate, insult, abuse
辱罵
玷辱
nhục mạ
điếm nhục
to insult, abuse
defame, shame, disgrace

鴇

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: puːʔ

鴇
1966
bảo
bustard
大鴇
thái bảo
the great tutor

斯

1: split (v.)

Old Chinese: *[s]e

Middle Chinese: sje

2: this

Old Chinese: *[s]e

Middle Chinese: sje

3: 斯須 a short time

Old Chinese: *se

Middle Chinese: sje

斯
1967
tư
this, thus, such
波斯
莫斯科
ba tư
mạc tư khoa
Persia, Persian, Iran, Iranian
Moscow

木

tree, wood

Old Chinese: *C.mˤok

Middle Chinese: muwk

木
1968
mộc
tree
木香
木蘭
mộc hương
mộc lan
medicinal wood
magnolia

伏

1: hatch (v.)

Old Chinese: *[b]ək-s

Middle Chinese: bjuwH

2: lie prostrate

Old Chinese: *[b]ək

Middle Chinese: bjuwk

伏
1969
phục
crouch, crawl, lie hidden, conceal
伏擊
伏兵
phục kích
phục binh
to (lay an) ambush
to lie in wait, ambush; ambush

叕

1: stitch (n.?)

Old Chinese: *trot-s

Middle Chinese: trjwejH

2: stitch

Old Chinese: *trot

Middle Chinese: trjwet

綴
1970
xuyết
patch together, link, connect
點綴
điểm xuyết
embellish, adorn

犮

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: boːd

拔
1971
bạt
uproot, pull out
提拔
đề bạt
to promote, be raised (in position)

屋

house; roof

Old Chinese: *qˤok (or *ʔˤok ?)

Middle Chinese: 'uwk

屋
1972
ốc
house
房屋
phòng ốc
house, dwelling

銜

a bit

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤr[a]m

Middle Chinese: haem

銜
1973
hàm
bit
軍銜
官銜
quân hàm
quan hàm
army rank
mandarin’s title

冤

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: qon

冤
1974
oan
grievance, injustice, wrong
冤家
冤枉
oan gia
oan uổng
foe, enemy
injustice

桑

mulberry tree

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤaŋ

Middle Chinese: sang

桑
1975
tang
mulberry tree
扶桑
phù tang
Japan (literary) / lead the cortege

已

cease; already

Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)əʔ

Middle Chinese: yiX

已
1976
dĩ
already
已往
dĩ vãng
past, former times

四

four

Old Chinese: *s.li[j]-s

Middle Chinese: sijH

四
1977
tứ
four
四季
四肢
tứ quý
tứ chi
four seasons
four limbs

季

youngest

Old Chinese: *kʷi[t]-s

Middle Chinese: kjwijH

季
1978
quý
quarter of year
四季
tứ quý
four seasons

三

1: three

Old Chinese: *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)

Middle Chinese: sam

2: three times

Old Chinese: *s.r[u]m-s (*s.r- > *s-, infl. by 四 *s-?)

Middle Chinese: samH

三
1979
tam
three
三光
三觀
tam quang
tam quan
the three lights (sun, moon, and stars)
three-door temple gate

宰

steward; minister

Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤəʔ

Middle Chinese: tsojX

宰
1980
tể
to slaughter
主宰
屠宰
chúa tể
đồ tể
chief, master, lord
butcher

薩

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: saːd

薩
1981
tát
transliteration of 'sat' in 'bodhisattva,' etc.
菩薩
bồ tát
Bodhisattva

互

intertwining

Old Chinese: *m-qˤaʔ-s

Middle Chinese: huH

互
1982
hỗ
mutually, reciprocally
相互
互相
tương hỗ
hỗ tương
mutual, reciprocal
mutual, reciprocal

孔

(surname)

Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤoŋʔ

Middle Chinese: khuwngX

孔
1983
khổng
opening, hole, orifice
孔明
孔子
khổng minh
khổng tử
Zhuge Liang
Confucius

薦

grass, fodder

Old Chinese: *Cə.tsˤə[r]-s

Middle Chinese: tsenH

薦
1984
tiến
offer, present
薦舉
tiến cử
to commend, recommend

片

half; partial

Old Chinese: *pʰˤe[n]-s

Middle Chinese: phenH

片
1985
phiến
slice, splinter, strip
片面
阿片
phiến diện
a phiến
one-sided, unilateral
opium

孚

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: pʰuw

浮
1986
phù
to float, drift, waft
浮游
浮腫
phù du
phù thũng
to wander aimlessly
edema

奏

bring forward; perform (music)

Old Chinese: *tsˤo(ʔ)-s

Middle Chinese: tsuwH

奏
1987
tấu
memorialize emperor
節奏
獨奏
tiết tấu
độc tấu
rhythm
perform a solo

遷

move (v.)

Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ar

Middle Chinese: tshjen

遷
1988
thiên
move, shift, change
變遷
遷居
biến thiên
thiên cư
to change; change
to migrate, move, change one’s residence

甘

sweet

Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ[a]m

Middle Chinese: kam

甘
1989
cam
sweetness
同甘共苦
甘心
đồng cam cộng khổ
cam tâm
to share joys and sorrows
to resign oneself to, make up one’s mind to

掃

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: suːʔ

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: suːs

掃
1990
tảo
sweep, clear away
掃墓
tảo mộ
clean and decorate the ancestral graves

走

run

Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤoʔ

Middle Chinese: tsuwX

走
1991
tẩu
walk, go on foot
奔走
逃走
bôn tẩu
đào tẩu
to run after, flee, escape; to travel the length and width of (on business)
to flee, run away, take flight, defect

逸

flee

Old Chinese: *[l]i[t]

Middle Chinese: yit

逸
1992
dật
flee, escape, break loose
隱逸
ẩn dật
to live a secluded life, live in seclusion

患

calamity; distress

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤro[n]-s

Middle Chinese: hwaenH

患
1993
hoạn
suffer, worry about
病患
後患
bệnh hoạn
hậu hoạn
disease, sickness, illness
future trouble, future worry

寒

cold

Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤa[n]

Middle Chinese: han

寒
1994
hàn
cold, wintry, chilly
風寒
寒微
phong hàn
hàn vi
indisposition (due to cold, bad weather)
poor and humble

孝

filial

Old Chinese: *qʰˤuʔ-s

Middle Chinese: xaewH

孝
1995
hiếu
filial piety, obedience
孝敬
孝道
hiếu kính
hiếu đạo
to honor and respect (one’s parents)
filial piety

克

carry; able; dominate

Old Chinese: *kʰˤək

Middle Chinese: khok

克
1996
khắc
gram
捷克
tiệp khắc
Czechoslovakia

疌

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: zeb

捷
1997
tiệp
win, victory, triumph
捷克
報捷
tiệp khắc
báo tiệp
Czechoslovakia
announce a victory

染

to dye

Old Chinese: *C.n[a]mʔ

Middle Chinese: nyemX

染
1998
nhiễm
dye
染色體
感染
nhiễm sắc thể
cảm nhiễm
chromosome
to be infected by

牧

to herd, herdsman

Old Chinese: *mək

Middle Chinese: mjuwk

牧
1999
mục
tend cattle, shepherd
牧師
遊牧
mục sư
du mục
pastor, clergyman, priest, minister
nomad

崔

high, rocky

Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤuj

Middle Chinese: dzwoj

催
2000
thôi
press, urge
催眠
thôi miên
to hypnotize, mesmerize

並

side by side, together

Old Chinese: *[b]ˤeŋʔ

Middle Chinese: bengX

並
2001
tịnh
equal to
並進
tịnh tiến
advance equally

郤

(place and family name)

Old Chinese: *[k]ʰrak

Middle Chinese: khjaek

腳
2002
cước
foot
山腳
腳注
sơn cước
cước chú
mountain area
footnote

閑

1: idle

Old Chinese: *N-kˤre[n]

Middle Chinese: hean

2: great; large-minded

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]

Middle Chinese: hean

3: well-trained

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]

Middle Chinese: hean

4: bar, barrier

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]

Middle Chinese: hean

閑
2003
nhàn
fence, barrier
閑暇
nhàn hạ
leisured, free

帥

leader (of an army)

Old Chinese: *s-rut-s

Middle Chinese: srwijH

帥
2004
soái
commander, commander-in-chief
元帥
主帥
nguyên soái
chủ soái
field marshal, marshal
commander-in-chief

宦

servant

Old Chinese: *m-kʷˤa[n]-s

Middle Chinese: hwaenH

宦
2005
hoạn
officialdom, government official
宦官
hoạn quan
eunuch

奠

1: be fixed (v.i.)

Old Chinese: *N-tˤe[n]-s

Middle Chinese: denH

2: set forth (v.t.)

Old Chinese: *m-tˤe[n]-s

Middle Chinese: denH

鄭
2006
trịnh
state in today's Henan
鄭重
trịnh trọng
formal, solemn

莽

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: maːŋʔ

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: moːʔ

3: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: maːʔ

蟒
2007
mãng
python, boa constrictor
蟒蛇
mãng xà
python

孛

1: comet

Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ[u]t-s

Middle Chinese: bwojH

2: comet

Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ[u]t

Middle Chinese: bwot

勃
2008
bột
suddenly, sudden, quick
勃發
bột phát
to break out suddenly

牛

ox

Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷə (< uvular?)

Middle Chinese: ngjuw

牛
2009
ngưu
cow, ox, bull
牛蒡
牛黃
ngưu bàng
ngưu hoàng
arctium lappa linn
buffalo-calf liver extract, cow bezoar

夏

1: great

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤraʔ

Middle Chinese: haeX

2: summer

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤraʔ (~ *[g]ˤraʔ-s)

Middle Chinese: haeH

夏
2010
hạ
summer
夏至
立夏
hạ chí
lập hạ
summer solstice
beginning of summer

粵

generous, favorable

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷat

Middle Chinese: hjwot

粵
2011
việt
Guangdong and Guangxi provinces
粵語
việt ngữ
Vietnamese language

八

eight

Old Chinese: *pˤret

Middle Chinese: peat

八
2012
bát
eight
八卦
八戒
bát quái
bát giới
the Eight Trigrams (càn, khảm, cấn, chấn, tốn, ly, khôn, đoài)
the Eight teachings (admonitions) of Buddha

遣

1: send

Old Chinese: *[k]ʰe[n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: khjienX

2: grave goods

Old Chinese: *[k]ʰe[n]ʔ-s (*kʰ- doesn't palatalize)

Middle Chinese: khjienH

遣
2013
khiển
send, dispatch
消遣
tiêu khiển
to relax, amuse oneself, entertain oneself, divert oneself

寇

rob; robber

Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤ(r)o-s

Middle Chinese: khuwH

蔻
2014
khấu
肉豆蔻 nutmeg, 豆蔻 cardamon
白豆蔻
肉豆蔻
bạch đậu khấu
nhục đậu khấu
(white) cardamom
nutmeg

匿

conceal

Old Chinese: *nr[ə]k

Middle Chinese: nrik

匿
2015
nặc
hide
匿名
nặc danh
(of a letter) anonymous

丸

1: pellet; ball

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤar

Middle Chinese: hwan

2: 烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)

Old Chinese: *ɦʷˤar (< *[ɢ]ʷˤar)

Middle Chinese: hwan

丸
2016
hoàn
small round object
睪丸
dịch hoàn
testis, testicle

濕

to flap (sc. the ears)

Old Chinese: *[qʰ]ip

Middle Chinese: syip

濕
2017
thấp
wet, moist, humid, damp
風濕
phong thấp
rheumatism

惠

kind, good

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[j]-s

Middle Chinese: hwejH

惠
2018
huệ
favor, benefit, confer kindness
最惠國
恩惠
tối huệ quốc
ân huệ
most-favored nation
good act, favor, kindness

寡

few

Old Chinese: *[C.k]ʷˤraʔ

Middle Chinese: kwaeX

寡
2019
quả
widowed
寡婦
孤寡
quả phụ
cô quả
widow
orphan and widow

畟

sharp-cutting

Old Chinese: *Nə-[tsʰ]rək

Middle Chinese: tsrhik

稷
2020
tắc
god of cereals
社稷
xã tắc
land, state

啚

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: prɯʔ

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: daː

鄙
2021
bỉ
mean
鄙人
粗鄙
bỉ nhân
thô bỉ
I (humble term)
coarse

臽

small pit

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤromʔ-s

Middle Chinese: heamH

閻
2022
diêm
village gate
閻王
diêm vương
king of hell

筋

sinew

Old Chinese: *C.[k]ə[n]

Middle Chinese: kj+n

筋
2023
gân
muscles
筋骨
gân cốt
tendons and bones

稚

young

Old Chinese: *lrəj-s

Middle Chinese: drijH

稚
2024
trĩ
young, immature
幼稚園
幼稚
ấu trĩ viên
ấu trĩ
kindergarten
childish, childlike, infantile, inexperienced, young

丐

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: kaːds

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: kaːd

丐
2025
cái
beggar
丐幫
乞丐
cái bang
khất cái
group of professional beggars
to be a beggar

豈

1: happy, pleasant

Old Chinese: *C.qʰˤəjʔ

Middle Chinese: khojX

2: how

Old Chinese: *C.qʰəjʔ

Middle Chinese: khj+jX

凱
2026
khải
triumphant
凱歌
khải ca
triumphal hymn, paean

淵

abyss

Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ʷˤi[ŋ]

Middle Chinese: 'wen

淵
2027
uyên
gulf, abyss, deep
淵博
淵深
uyên bác
uyên thâm
profound, deep (learning)
profound (learning)

垂

hang down

Old Chinese: *[d]o[j]

Middle Chinese: dzywe

陲
2028
thùy
frontier, border
邊陲
biên thùy
border, frontier

若

1: you

Old Chinese: *nak

Middle Chinese: nyak

2: agree

Old Chinese: *nak

Middle Chinese: nyak

若
2029
nhã
if, supposing, assuming
般若
bát nhã
(Buddhism) prajna, enlightenment

艷

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: lams

艷
2030
diễm
beautiful, sexy, voluptuous
艷麗
艷情
diễm lệ
diễm tình
charming, dazzling beautiful
love

舀

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: lowʔ

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: lu

3: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: lo

韜
2031
thao
sheath, scabbard, bow case
韜略
thao lược
strategy, art of war

丫

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: qraː

丫
2032
a
forked
丫環
丫鬟
a hoàn
a hoàn
Abigail; maidservant, maid, servant
Abigail; maidservant, maid, servant

鮮

1: fresh; good

Old Chinese: *[s][a]r

Middle Chinese: sjen

2: 鮮卑 *s[a]r.pe Xiānbēi

Old Chinese: *s[a]r

Middle Chinese: sjen

3: rare, few

Old Chinese: *[s][e]rʔ

Middle Chinese: sjenX

鮮
2033
tiên
fresh, new, delicious
北朝鮮
南朝鮮
bắc triều tiên
nam triều tiên
North Korea
South Korea

吴

誤
2034
ngộ
err, make mistake
誤殺
誤會
ngộ sát
ngộ hội
manslaughter, unintentional homicide
misunderstanding

雀

sparrow

Old Chinese: *[ts]ewk

Middle Chinese: tsjak

雀
2035
tước
sparrow
孔雀
khổng tước
peacock

肉

meat, flesh

Old Chinese: *k.nuk

Middle Chinese: nyuwk

肉
2036
nhục
flesh
肉豆蔻
肉慾
nhục đậu khấu
nhục dục
nutmeg
carnal, fleshy, sexual

乞

beg, ask

Old Chinese: *C.qʰət

Middle Chinese: khj+t

乞
2037
khất
beg
乞食
乞丐
khất thực
khất cái
to beg for food
to be a beggar

坤

earth (trigram or hexagram)

Old Chinese: *[kʰ]ˤu[n]

Middle Chinese: khwon

坤
2038
khôn
earth
乾坤
càn khôn
heaven and earth, universe

韱

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: sem

懺
2039
sám
regret, repent
懺悔
sám hối
to repent, show repentance

夒

a kind of monkey

Old Chinese: *nˤu

Middle Chinese: naw

擾
2040
nhiễu
disturb, annoy, agitate
擾攘
煩擾
nhiễu nhương
phiền nhiễu
troubled; trouble
to disturb, bother, annoy

乳

milk; nipple

Old Chinese: *noʔ

Middle Chinese: nyuX

乳
2041
nhũ
breast, nipples
乳母
乳名
nhũ mẫu
nhũ danh
wet nurse
maiden name

煩

troubled

Old Chinese: *[b]a[n]

Middle Chinese: bjon

煩
2042
phiền
bother, vex, trouble
煩擾
phiền nhiễu
to disturb, bother, annoy

索

1: twist a rope

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak

Middle Chinese: sak

2: search (v.)

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak

Middle Chinese: sak

索
2043
sách
large rope, cable
索引
sách dẫn
index

析

split (v.)

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤek

Middle Chinese: sek

析
2044
tích
split wood
解析
分析家
giải tích
phân tích gia
analytics analysis
analyst

罷

1: stop, cease

Old Chinese: *[b]ˤrajʔ

Middle Chinese: beaX

2: wear out, exhaust

Old Chinese: *[b]raj

Middle Chinese: bje

罷
2045
bãi
cease, finish, stop
罷工
罷市
bãi công
bãi thị
to (go on a) strike
to strike (merchants)

翟

pheasant

Old Chinese: *lˤewk

Middle Chinese: dek

耀
2046
diệu
shine, sparkle, dazzle
榮耀
炫耀
vinh diệu
huyễn diệu
reputable, creditable, respectable, honorable
show, be showy, be gaudy

茸

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: njoŋ

茸
2047
nhung
soft, downy
鹿茸
lộc nhung
the tender horns of a young stag

鹿

deer

Old Chinese: *mə-rˤok

Middle Chinese: luwk

鹿
2048
lộc
deer
鹿茸
鹿角
lộc nhung
lộc giác
the tender horns of a young stag
the horns of a stag

弔

1: arrive

Old Chinese: *tˤ[i]wk

Middle Chinese: tek

2: grieved; condole

Old Chinese: *tˤ[e]wk-s

Middle Chinese: tewH

弔
2049
điếu
condole, mourn, pity
弔文
弔伐
điếu văn
điếu phạt
eulogy, funeral oration
suppress rebels and save the people

粟

grain (rice or millet) in husk

Old Chinese: *[s]ok

Middle Chinese: sjowk

粟
2050
túc
unhusked millet
罌粟
anh túc
marijuana, poppy

匊

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: kluɡ

鞠
2051
cúc
bow, bend
鞠躬
cúc cung
bow down, humble oneself

盈

fill

Old Chinese: *leŋ (< *liŋ?)

Middle Chinese: yeng

盈
2052
doanh
fill
盈利
doanh lợi
profitableness

贏

profit; surplus

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]eŋ

Middle Chinese: yeng

贏
2053
doanh
win
贏利
doanh lợi
profitableness

淫

excess; licentious

Old Chinese: *N.r[ə]m

Middle Chinese: yim

淫
2054
dâm
obscene, licentious, lewd
手淫
淫慾
thủ dâm
dâm dục
masturbation; to masturbate
lust, lewdness

鬱

blocked; anxious

Old Chinese: *qut

Middle Chinese: 'jut

鬱
2055
uất
luxuriant
沉鬱
trầm uất
to be plunged in sorrow or melancholy

革

1: hide, skin

Old Chinese: *kˤrək

Middle Chinese: keak

2: change (v.)

Old Chinese: *kˤrək

Middle Chinese: keak

革
2056
cách
leather, animal hides
反革命
變革
phản cách mạng
biến cách
counter-revolutionary, antirevolutionary
change, reform

岳

mountain, peak

Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrok

Middle Chinese: ngaewk

岳
2057
nhạc
mountain peak
岳家
岳父
nhạc gia
nhạc phụ
in-laws, one’s wife’s parents
father of one’s wife, father-in-law

六

six

Old Chinese: *k.ruk

Middle Chinese: ljuwk

六
2058
lục
number six
六腑
十六
lục phủ
thập lục
the six internal organs, the viscera
sixteen (-stringed instrument)

曲

to bend

Old Chinese: *kʰ(r)ok

Middle Chinese: khjowk

曲
2059
khúc
crooked, bent
樂曲
組曲
nhạc khúc
tổ khúc
piece of music, air
suite

癸

10th heavenly stem

Old Chinese: *kʷijʔ

Middle Chinese: kjwijX

葵
2060
quỳ
sunflower
海葵
蜀葵
hải quỳ
thục quỳ
actinia, sea-anemone
marshmallow, hollyhock

息

1: breathe

Old Chinese: *sək

Middle Chinese: sik

2: 安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)

Old Chinese: *sək

Middle Chinese: sik

息
2061
tức
rest, put stop to, end, cease
減息
安息
giảm tức
an tức
reduce the interest
to rest

戈

dagger-axe

Old Chinese: *kʷˤaj

Middle Chinese: kwa

戈
2062
qua
halberd, spear, lance
干戈
can qua
war, fighting, battle

眉

eyebrow

Old Chinese: *mr[ə][r]

Middle Chinese: mij

眉
2063
mi
eyebrows
蛾眉
nga mi
fine eyebrows, beautiful eyebrows

龜

1: tortoise

Old Chinese: *[k]ʷə

Middle Chinese: kjuw

2: tortoise

Old Chinese: *[k]ʷrə

Middle Chinese: kwij

龜
2064
quy
turtle or tortoise
龜板
quy bản
tortoise’s shell

亙

continuous; constant

Old Chinese: *[k]ˤəŋ-s

Middle Chinese: kongH

恆
2065
hằng
constant, regular, persistent
恆河沙數
恆星
hằng hà sa số
hằng tinh
numberless, countless
fixed star

坙

莖
2066
hành
stem, stalk
玉莖
陰莖
ngọc hành
âm hành
penis
penis

厚

thick

Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤ(r)oʔ

Middle Chinese: huwX

厚
2067
hậu
thick
寬厚
溫厚
khoan hậu
ôn hậu
generous, magnanimous
gentle and honest

姦

wicked(ness)

Old Chinese: *[k]ˤran

Middle Chinese: kaen

姦
2068
gian
adultery, debauchery
雞姦
kê gian
sodomy

穴

cave, pit

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[t]

Middle Chinese: hwet

穴
2069
huyệt
cave, den, hole
點穴
穴居
điểm huyệt
huyệt cư
hit at dangerous spots (in traditional boxing)
living in cave

沓

join, unite

Old Chinese: *m-rˤəp

Middle Chinese: dop

踏
2070
đạp
step on, trample, tread on, walk
踏青
đạp thanh
visit relatives’ graves in spring

盜

steal

Old Chinese: *[d]ˤaw(k)-s

Middle Chinese: dawH

盜
2071
đạo
rob, steal
強盜
盜賊
cường đạo
đạo tặc
bandit
robbers and thieves

夕

evening, night

Old Chinese: *s-ɢAk

Middle Chinese: zjek

夕
2072
tịch
evening, night, dusk
除夕
trừ tịch
new year’s eve

拜

bow, bend (v.)

Old Chinese: *C.pˤro[t]-s

Middle Chinese: peajH

拜
2073
bái
do obeisance, bow, kowtow
拜望
拜見
bái vọng
bái kiến
bow one’s respect to (a king) from a distance
call on, visit, make or pay a visit

犀

rhinoceros

Old Chinese: *s.lˤəj

Middle Chinese: sej

遲
2074
trì
late, tardy
凌遲
lăng trì
death of a thousand cuts

塞

1: frontier

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək-s

Middle Chinese: sojH

2: pass (n.)

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək-s

Middle Chinese: sojH

3: stop up, block (v.)

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək

Middle Chinese: sok

塞
2075
tắc
stop up, block, seal, cork
淤塞
塞音
ứ tắc
tắc âm
blocked, obstructed; to encumber, block up, jam
stop (phonetic)

戹

part of a yoke

Old Chinese: *qˤ[i]k

Middle Chinese: 'eak

厄
2076
ách
adversity, difficulty, distress
災厄
解厄
tai ách
giải ách
disaster
deliver from misfortune

巢

nest

Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤraw

Middle Chinese: dzraew

巢
2077
sào
nest, living quarter in tree
巢穴
卵巢
sào huyệt
noãn sào
den
ovary

犬

dog

Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰˤ[e][n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: khwenX

犬
2078
khuyển
dog
鷹犬
犬儒
ưng khuyển
khuyển nho
vultures and dogs, lackey servant
cynic

蚤

flea

Old Chinese: *tsˤuʔ

Middle Chinese: tsawX

騷
2079
tao
harass, bother, annoy, disturb, agitate
騷客
tao khách
poet, writer

殻

穀
2080
cốc
corn, grain, cereal
穀類
禾穀
cốc loại
hòa cốc
cereal
cereals

雨

1: rain

Old Chinese: *C.ɢʷ(r)aʔ

Middle Chinese: hjuX

2: rain (v.t.)

Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ-s

Middle Chinese: hjuH

雨
2081
vũ
rain
雨露
雷雨
vũ lộ
lôi vũ
rain and dew
storm, thunder and rain

尖

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ʔslem

尖
2082
tiêm
sharp, pointed, acute, keen
舌尖音
thiệt tiêm âm
apical

夷

1: level, peaceful

Old Chinese: *ləj

Middle Chinese: yij

2: foreigner (especially to the east)

Old Chinese: *ləj

Middle Chinese: yij

夷
2083
di
ancient barbarian tribes
夏威夷
hạ uy di
Hawaii

畏

fear (v.); threaten

Old Chinese: *ʔuj-s

Middle Chinese: 'jw+jH

畏
2084
úy
fear, dread, awe, reverence
畏懼
畏忌
úy cụ
úy kỵ
to fear
to fear, be afraid

瞿

a kind of lance

Old Chinese: *[g]ʷ(r)a

Middle Chinese: gju

懼
2085
cụ
fear, be afraid of, dread
畏懼
úy cụ
to fear

邑

city, town

Old Chinese: *q(r)[ə]p

Middle Chinese: 'ip

邑
2086
ấp
area
采邑
thái ấp
fief, feud

牟

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: mu

牟
2087
mưu
make
牟利
mưu lợi
to look for profit, gain

禀

1: rations

Old Chinese: *p.rimʔ

Middle Chinese: limX

2: rations; receive

Old Chinese: *p.rimʔ (dialect: *p.r- > *pr-)

Middle Chinese: pimX

稟
2088
bẩm
report to, petition
稟性
bẩm tính
to be endowed with; gift, endowment, natural asset, disposition, innate character

看

1: to watch, guard

Old Chinese: *kʰˤa[r]

Middle Chinese: khan

2: gaze at

Old Chinese: *[kʰ]ˤa[r]-s

Middle Chinese: khanH

看
2089
khán
look, see
看護
看守
khán hộ
khán thủ
male nurse, hospital orderly
to watch, oversee; supervisor, watchman

臾

pull, drag

Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)o

Middle Chinese: yu

萸
2090
du
dogwood
茱萸
thù du
cornel-tree, dogwood

晝

daytime

Old Chinese: *truk-s

Middle Chinese: trjuwH

晝
2091
trú
daytime, daylight
晝夜
trú dạ
day and night

屚

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: roːs

漏
2092
lậu
leak, drip
洩漏
tiết lậu
divulge, reveal, make public, leak out (secret)

曳

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: leds

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: led

洩
2093
tiết
leak, drip
洩漏
tiết lậu
divulge, reveal, make public, leak out (secret)

叉

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: shraːl

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: shreːl

叉
2094
thoa
crotch
音叉
âm thoa
tuning fork

欮

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: kod

闕
2095
khuyết
watch tower
宮闕
金闕
cung khuyết
kim khuyết
door of the imperial palace
royal palace

畀

give

Old Chinese: *pi[t]-s

Middle Chinese: pjijH

鼻
2096
tỵ
nose
鼻音
tỵ âm
nasal

戾

transgress

Old Chinese: *[r]ˤe[t]-s

Middle Chinese: lejH

淚
2097
lệ
tears
血淚
huyết lệ
blood and tear, excruciating pain, agony

佩

to wear at girdle, pendants

Old Chinese: *[b]ˤək-s

Middle Chinese: bwojH

佩
2098
bội
belt ornament, pendant
玉佩
ngọc bội
gem ornament, pearl

彝

ritual vase

Old Chinese: *[l][ə]j

Middle Chinese: yij

彝
2099
dị
Yi (nationality)
彝族
dị tộc
alien race, alien ethnic group

剌

wicked; spicy

Old Chinese: *mə.rˤat (~ C.rˤat ?)

Middle Chinese: lat

喇
2100
lạt
horn, bugle
喇嘛教
lạt ma giáo
Tibetan Buddhism

休

1: rest (v.)

Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)u

Middle Chinese: xjuw

2: blessing

Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)u

Middle Chinese: xjuw

休
2101
hưu
rest, stop
休兵
休耕
hưu binh
hưu canh
cease-fire
fallow

呆

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: tɯː

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ŋɯː

呆
2102
ngốc
dull
痴呆
si ngốc
stupid

巿

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: pub

Middle Chinese: pud

肺
2103
phế
lungs
肺炎
phế viêm
pneumonia

弓

bow (n.)

Old Chinese: *kʷəŋ

Middle Chinese: kjuwng

弓
2104
cung
bow
弓弩
cung nỏ
bow and crossbow

炭

charcoal, coal

Old Chinese: *[tʰ]ˤa[n]-s

Middle Chinese: thanH

炭
2105
thán
charcoal
塗炭
đồ thán
be reduced to utter misery

末

end of a branch

Old Chinese: *mˤat

Middle Chinese: mat

末
2106
mạt
final, last, end
末路
末伏
mạt lộ
mạt phục
end of the road, a hopeless or desperate situation
the last period

霍

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: qʰʷaːɡ

霍
2107
hoắc
quickly, suddenly
揮霍
huy hoắc
squander, spend wastefully

斗

1: bushel; ladle

Old Chinese: *tˤoʔ

Middle Chinese: tuwX

2: ladle

Old Chinese: *toʔ

Middle Chinese: tsyuX

蚪
2108
đẩu
tadpole
蝌蚪
khoa đẩu
tadpole

臿

pestle

Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]op

Middle Chinese: tsrheap

歃
2109
sáp
smear one's mouth with blood of a victim when taking an oath
歃血
sáp huyết
to smear one’s mouth with blood (as part of an oath)

臥

lie down, sleep

Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤ[o]j-s

Middle Chinese: ngwaH

臥
2110
ngọa
lie down
臥病
ngọa bệnh
bed-ridden because of sickness, fall ill

刷

1: brush (v.)

Old Chinese: *[s]r[o]t (dialect: retains MC srj-)

Middle Chinese: srjwet

2: brush (v.)

Old Chinese: *[s]r[o]t

Middle Chinese: srwaet

刷
2111
loát
brush
印刷品
印刷
ấn loát phẩm
ấn loát
printed material, printed matter
to print; printing

奄

cover

Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)omʔ

Middle Chinese: 'jemX

淹
2112
yêm
drown
淹博
yêm bác
wide knowledge

釁

smear with blood

Old Chinese: *m̥rər-s

Middle Chinese: xinH

釁
2113
hấn
smear with blood in sacrifice
挑釁
khiêu hấn
to provoke hostilities

欠

yawn

Old Chinese: *[k]ʰ(r)om-s

Middle Chinese: khjomH

坎
2114
khảm
pit, hole
坎坷
khảm kha
difficult, bad luck

矍

anxious look

Old Chinese: *C.qʷ(r)ak

Middle Chinese: kjwak

矍
2115
quắc
look about in fright or alarm
矍鑠
quắc thước
hale and hearty

毚

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: zrɯːm

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: zraːm

讒
2116
sàm
slander, defame, misrepresent
讒言
sàm ngôn
slander, do damage by slandering

計

calculate

Old Chinese: *kˤij-s

Middle Chinese: kejH

計
2117
kê、kế
plan, plot
統計
統計學
計劃
生計
thống kê
thống kê học
kế hoạch
sinh kế
statistics
statistics
plan, program
means of living, livelihood

要

important

Old Chinese: *[q]ew(k)-s

Middle Chinese: 'jiewH

要
2118
yêu、yếu
necessary, essential
要求
要素
主要
yêu cầu
yếu tố
chủ yếu
requirement; to ask, request, require
element, factor
essential, important, main, vital, principle

易

1: easy

Old Chinese: *lek-s

Middle Chinese: yeH

2: change; exchange

Old Chinese: *lek

Middle Chinese: yek

易
2119
dị、dịch
change
簡易
平易
交易
貿易
giản dị
bình dị
giao dịch
mậu dịch
simple, easy, plain, unaffected
plain, simple
exchange, transaction; to deal, do business, trade, exchange
to trade, deal; trade, commerce

爻

1: change; hexagram

Old Chinese: *N-kˤraw

Middle Chinese: haew

2: change; hexagram

Old Chinese: *N-kˤraw

Middle Chinese: haew

教
2120
giao、giáo
teach, class
外教
社教
教育
教員
ngoại giao
xã giao
giáo dục
giáo viên
diplomatic; foreign relations, diplomacy
public relations, etiquette, savoir vivre, social relations
education; to educate
(primary school) teacher

進

advance (v.)

Old Chinese: *[ts][i][n]-s

Middle Chinese: tsinH

進
2121
tiến、tấn
advance, make progress, enter
進行
進度
進攻
tiến hành
tiến độ
tấn công
to advance, move forward, continue, carry out, execute, operate
rate of progress
to attack, assail, assault; attack, assault, offensive

卷

1: roll (v.)

Old Chinese: *[k](r)o[n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: kjwenX

2: handsome

Old Chinese: *[g]ʷren

Middle Chinese: gjwen

圈
2122
quyền、quyển
to circle
政圈
氣圈
水圈
chính quyền
khí quyển
thủy quyển
government, administration, political power, regime, administration
atmosphere
hydrosphere

本

tree trunk

Old Chinese: *C.pˤə[n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: pwonX

本
2123
bản、bổn
root, origin, source
基本
劇本
本分
cơ bản
kịch bản
bổn phận
base, foundation, fundamentals; fundamental, basic, elementary
play (theatrical), scenario
business, duty, obligation

解

1: cut up; unloose

Old Chinese: *kˤreʔ

Middle Chinese: keaX

2: understand

Old Chinese: *N-kˤreʔ

Middle Chinese: heaX

3: =懈 lazy

Old Chinese: *N-kˤreʔ

Middle Chinese: heaX

解
2124
giải、giới
loosen, unfasten, untie
解放
解釋
解嚴
破解
giải phóng
giải thích
giới nghiêm
phá giới
to release, free, liberate, deliver, emancipate
to clarify, explain, interpret
proclaim martial law, impose a curfew
unfrock oneself, break one’s religious vow

别

別
2125
biết、biệt
separate, other
辨別
別墅
分別
biện biết
biệt thự
phân biệt
to distinguish, discriminate, separate, discern
courthouse, manor, villa
to discriminate, discern, distinguish

壬

9th heavenly stem

Old Chinese: *n[ə]m

Middle Chinese: nyim

任
2126
nhiệm、nhậm
trust to, rely on, appoint
任期
主任
任職
赴任
nhiệm kỳ
chủ nhiệm
nhậm chức
phó nhậm
term of office, tenure of office
chairman, director, head, person in charge, manager
to take (political) office, assume an appointment
proceed to one’s post

守

1: keep, guard

Old Chinese: *s-tuʔ

Middle Chinese: syuwX

2: territory in somebody's guard, fief

Old Chinese: *s.tuʔ-s

Middle Chinese: syuwH

守
2127
thú、thủ
defend, protect, guard, conserve
太守
遵守
防守
thái thú
tuân thủ
phòng thủ
Chinese governor
to obey, keep to, abide by, follow (a rule, policy)
to defend; defense

局

1: bent, curved

Old Chinese: *N-kʰ(r)ok

Middle Chinese: gjowk

2: department

Old Chinese: *[g](r)ok

Middle Chinese: gjowk

局
2128
cuộc、cục
bureau, office
終局
全局
局部
局面
chung cuộc
toàn cuộc
cục bộ
cục diện
end, conclusion
the whole situation, the overall situation
partial, local
situation, state of affairs

斷

1: be cut in two

Old Chinese: *N-tˤo[n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: dwanX

2: cut in two

Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: twanX

3: cut off; decide

Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]ʔ-s

Middle Chinese: twanH

斷
2129
đoán、đoạn
sever, cut off
診斷
推斷
斷交
壟斷
chẩn đoán
suy đoán
đoạn giao
lũng đoạn
diagnostic; to diagnose, make a diagnosis
to deduce, conclude, guess
to break off diplomatic relations, sever diplomatic
to monopolize, gain command, control of

强

1: strong

Old Chinese: *N-kaŋ

Middle Chinese: gjang

2: make an effort

Old Chinese: *m-kaŋʔ

Middle Chinese: gjangX

強
2130
cường、cưỡng
strong, powerful, energetic
強度
強國
強逼
勉強
cường độ
cường quốc
cưỡng bức
miễn cưỡng
intensity, strength
nation, power
to force, compel
unwilling, reluctant; unwillingly, begrudgingly

散

1: scattered (adj.)

Old Chinese: *[s]ˤa[n]ʔ

Middle Chinese: sanX

2: scatter (v.t.)

Old Chinese: *mə-sˤa[n]ʔ-s

Middle Chinese: sanH

散
2131
tán、tản
scatter, disperse, break up
疏散
解散
散步
閒散
sơ tán
giải tán
tản bộ
nhàn tản
to evacuate
to adjourn, dissolve, break up, disband, disperse
to stroll, amble, take a walk
go for a leisurely walk, stroll about leisurely

規

compass, circle

Old Chinese: *kʷe

Middle Chinese: kjwie

規
2132
qui、quy
rules, regulations, customs, law
規模
規程
犯規
規律
qui mô
qui trình
phạm quy
quy luật
size, dimension, scale, standard, pattern, model
process, rule, protocol
break examination regulations
rules, laws, regulations

上

1: ascend

Old Chinese: *Cə-daŋʔ

Middle Chinese: dzyangX

2: to put up

Old Chinese: *m-daŋʔ

Middle Chinese: dzyangX

3: top, above (n.)

Old Chinese: *daŋʔ-s

Middle Chinese: dzyangH

上
2133
thưởng、thượng
top
升上
上海
上流
thăng thưởng
thượng hải
thượng lưu
be promoted, promote
Shanghai
upstream; upper, high (society, class)

興

lift, rise

Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)əŋ

Middle Chinese: xing

興
2134
hưng、hứng
thrive, prosper, flourish
興奮
中興
興趣
hưng phấn
trung hưng
hứng thú
to excite
restoration
interesting; interest

爯

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: tʰjɯŋ

稱
2135
xưng、xứng
call
名稱
稱呼
相稱
對稱
danh xưng
xưng hô
tương xứng
đối xứng
name; to be called
to address (a person), call
adequate, appropriate, corresponding, symmetric; to correspond, match, be equal
symmetry

好

1: good

Old Chinese: *qʰˤuʔ

Middle Chinese: xawX

2: love, like (v.)

Old Chinese: *qʰˤuʔ-s

Middle Chinese: xawH

好
2136
hiếu、hảo
good, excellent, fine
嗜好
好學
好心
好漢
thị hiếu
hiếu học
hảo tâm
hảo hán
hobby, liking, passion
to be studious, love studying
kindness, kind heart
brave, courageous man

勞

1: toil

Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaw

Middle Chinese: law

2: to reward for toil

Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaw-s

Middle Chinese: lawH

勞
2137
lao、lạo
labor, toil, do manual work
功勞
酬勞
慰勞
công lao
thù lao
ủy lạo
credit, service, merit, deserts; labor, effort, work
reward, compensation, remuneration
to comfort, console

緐

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ban

繁
2138
phiền、phồn
complicated, complex, difficult
繁複
繁華
繁榮
phiền phức
phồn hoa
phồn vinh
complicated, compound
bustling, lively, noisy and gaudy
prosperous

彚

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: ɢruds

彙
2139
vị、vựng
collect, compile, assemble
字彙
詞彙
語彙
tự vị
từ vựng
ngữ vựng
dictionary
vocabulary
vocabulary (of a language)

兩

a pair

Old Chinese: *p.raŋʔ

Middle Chinese: ljangX

兩
2140
lưỡng、lượng
two, both, pair, couple
兩難
兩院
斤兩
lưỡng nan
lưỡng viện
cân lượng
both difficult
both houses, bicameral
weight

丽

TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: reːls

麗
2141
ly、lệ
beautiful, magnificent, elegant
高麗
壯麗
美麗
cao ly
tráng lệ
mỹ lệ
Korea
magnificent
beautiful, lovely

卂

1: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: sins

2: TODO: gloss

Old Chinese: tods

訊
2142
tín、tấn
inquire
音訊
通訊員
通訊社
âm tín
thông tín viên
thông tấn xã
news
correspondent, reporter
news agency, press agency

絲

silk

Old Chinese: *[s]ə

Middle Chinese: si

絲
2143
ti、tơ
silk
微絲血管
絲竹
絲縷
蠶絲
vi ti huyết quản
ti trúc
tơ lụa
tằm tơ
capillary
stringed or bamboo musical instruments
silk
silkworm

宿

1: spend the night

Old Chinese: *[s]uk

Middle Chinese: sjuwk

2: "mansion" of the zodiac (where the moon is found on successive nights)

Old Chinese: *[s]uk-s

Middle Chinese: sjuwH

宿
2144
tú、túc
stop, rest, lodge, stay overnight
星宿
宿緣
宿債
tinh tú
túc duyên
túc trái
star
former fate, ancient cause (Buddhism)
debts of a previous existence (Buddhism)

乘

1: ride (v.)

Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ

Middle Chinese: zying

2: vehicle

Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ-s

Middle Chinese: zyingH

3: team of four horses

Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ-s

Middle Chinese: zyingH

乘
2145
thặng、thừa
ride, ascend
上乘
小乘
乘機
乘勢
thượng thặng
tiểu thặng
thừa cơ
thừa thế
first degree, top level
hinayana, theravada
to seize a chance, take advantage of an occasion
to take advantage of the opportunity

喜

joy; rejoice

Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)əʔ

Middle Chinese: xiX

喜
2146
hỉ、hỷ
like, love, enjoy
歡喜
喜事
雙喜
hoan hỉ
hỉ sự
song hỷ
joyful, delighted, overjoyed
happy occasion, wedding
dual happiness, double joy, marriage

兔

rabbit, hare

Old Chinese: *l̥ˤa-s

Middle Chinese: thuH

兔
2147
thỏ、thố
rabbit, hare
玉兔
赤兔
ngọc thỏ
xích thố
the moon
red-haired horse

行

1: rank, row

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤaŋ

Middle Chinese: hang

2: walk (v.)

Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤraŋ

Middle Chinese: haeng

3: action

Old Chinese: *[g]ˤraŋ-s

Middle Chinese: haengH

行
2148
hàng、hành、hạnh
go
銀行
行貨
先行
行為
品行
苦行
ngân hàng
hàng hóa
tiến hành
hành vi
phẩm hạnh
khổ hạnh
bank
goods, merchandise
to advance, move forward, continue, carry out, execute, operate
act, action, deed, behavior, gesture; to behave, act
(good) conduct, behavior
ascetic, austere

實

fruit; full

Old Chinese: *mə.li[t]

Middle Chinese: zyit

實
2149
chí、thật、thực
real, true, solid, honest
實誠
真實
誠實
實際
實事
chí thành
chân thật
thành thật
thực tế
thực sự
sincere, frank, candid, open-hearted
frank, candid, truthful, honest, genuine, true
frank, honest, sincere, truthful
reality / real, actual, practical, realistic; reality; in reality
real, indeed, actual; truth, reality

丹

cinnabar

Old Chinese: *tˤan

Middle Chinese: tan

丹
2150
đam、đan、đơn
cinnabar (native HgS)
阿丹
丹麥
丹心
牡丹
仙丹
a đam
đan mạch
đan tâm
mẫu đơn
tiên đơn
Adam
Denmark, Danish
loyalty, constancy
(1) application form; (2) peony
elixir of life