根據하다
근거하다
To base sth on sth
There are no shared pronunciations in these groups. However, the pronunciations are still related, since they have a common ancestor in ancient Chinese.
tiger
Old Chinese: *qʰˤra (dialect *qˤʰr- >r̥ˤ- > x-)
Middle Chinese: xu
1: together; put together; combined
Old Chinese: *kˤop
Middle Chinese: kop
2: come together; bring together
Old Chinese: *m-kˤop
Middle Chinese: hop
1: 單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *dar (< *[d]ar)
Middle Chinese: dzyen
2: single, simple
Old Chinese: *Cə.tˤar
Middle Chinese: tan
arrive
Old Chinese: *ti[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tsyijH
1: I, we
Old Chinese: *laʔ
Middle Chinese: yo
2: give; together with
Old Chinese: *laʔ
Middle Chinese: yoX
slave, subject
Old Chinese: *[g]i[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: dzyin
go against
Old Chinese: *ŋrak
Middle Chinese: ngjaek
in every case
Old Chinese: *[b]rom
Middle Chinese: bjom
1: go or come out
Old Chinese: *t-kʰut
Middle Chinese: tsyhwit
2: bring or take out
Old Chinese: *t-kʰut-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhwijH
1: 7th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[m].qʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
2: resist; cross-wise
Old Chinese: *m-qʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
1: egg
Old Chinese: *k.rˤorʔ (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: lwaX
2: egg
Old Chinese: *k.rˤorʔ
Middle Chinese: lwanX
cut off
Old Chinese: *[ts]ramʔ
Middle Chinese: tsreamX
generation
Old Chinese: *l̥ap-s
Middle Chinese: syejH
1: armpit
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)Ak
Middle Chinese: yek
2: also
Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)Ak
Middle Chinese: yek
full, fill
Old Chinese: *tʰuŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyhuwng
1: ladle (n.)
Old Chinese: *m-tewk
Middle Chinese: dzyak
2: ladle (v.)
Old Chinese: *tewk
Middle Chinese: tsyak
to manifest
Old Chinese: *lreŋ
Middle Chinese: drjeng
1: announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: kawH
2: announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk
Middle Chinese: kowk
1: circumstances; setting
Old Chinese: *ŋ̊et-s
Middle Chinese: syejH
2: to plant
Old Chinese: *ŋet-s (MC I!)
Middle Chinese: ngjiejH
many
Old Chinese: *[t.l]ˤaj
Middle Chinese: ta
1: be hurt (v.i.); injury (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-kˤat-s
Middle Chinese: hajH
2: hurt (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *m-kˤat-s
Middle Chinese: hajH
place where
Old Chinese: *liw
Middle Chinese: yuw
stand (v.)
Old Chinese: *k.rəp
Middle Chinese: lip
1: disappear
Old Chinese: *[s]ew
Middle Chinese: sjew
2: resemble
Old Chinese: *[s]ew-s
Middle Chinese: sjewH
catch, get
Old Chinese: *m-qʷˤrak
Middle Chinese: hweak
ritual vessel
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤijʔ
Middle Chinese: lejX
1: replenish
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok-s
Middle Chinese: tsjuH
2: sufficient
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok
Middle Chinese: tsjowk
3: foot
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok
Middle Chinese: tsjowk
1: not
Old Chinese: *pə
Middle Chinese: pjuw
2: 不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *pə
Middle Chinese: pjuw
divine (v.)
Old Chinese: *pˤok
Middle Chinese: puwk
dare
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤamʔ
Middle Chinese: kamX
1: scorch, burn
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤarʔ
Middle Chinese: xanX
2: dry
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]ˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: xanH
there, then, thereupon
Old Chinese: *ɢʷa[n]
Middle Chinese: hjwon
1: king
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋ
Middle Chinese: hjwang
2: be king
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: hjwangH
to flower
Old Chinese: *[s-l]u(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: sjuwH
bamboo
Old Chinese: *truk
Middle Chinese: trjuwk
seven
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]i[t]
Middle Chinese: tshit
armour; scale of animals
Old Chinese: *kˤr[e]p-s
Middle Chinese: keajH
sunrise (Shuowen)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤar-s
Middle Chinese: kanH
1: first
Old Chinese: *sˤər
Middle Chinese: sen
2: go first
Old Chinese: *sˤər-s
Middle Chinese: senH
north
Old Chinese: *pˤək
Middle Chinese: pok
ten
Old Chinese: *t.[g]əp
Middle Chinese: dzyip
1: finish, die
Old Chinese: *[ts]ut
Middle Chinese: tswit
2: soldier
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤut
Middle Chinese: tswot
auspicious
Old Chinese: *C.qi[t] (*C.q- > *k-, escaping palatalization)
Middle Chinese: kjit
1: big
Old Chinese: *lˤat-s (MC F!)
Middle Chinese: daH
2: big
Old Chinese: *lˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dajH
lose
Old Chinese: *l̥i[t]
Middle Chinese: syit
study; imitate
Old Chinese: *m-kˤruk
Middle Chinese: haewk
1: spend the night
Old Chinese: *[s]uk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
2: "mansion" of the zodiac (where the moon is found on successive nights)
Old Chinese: *[s]uk-s
Middle Chinese: sjuwH
broom; comet
Old Chinese: *s-[ɢ]ʷe[t]-s
Middle Chinese: zjwejH
bright
Old Chinese: *mraŋ
Middle Chinese: mjaeng
clan
Old Chinese: *k.deʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyeX
1: drawing (n.)
Old Chinese: *C-gʷˤrek-s
Middle Chinese: hweaH
2: draw (v.)
Old Chinese: *gʷˤrek
Middle Chinese: hweak
1: following, thereupon
Old Chinese: *[N.]rut
Middle Chinese: ywit
2: writing stylus or brush (pron. in Chǔ 楚 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *[m-]rut
Middle Chinese: ywit
1: rank, row
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: hang
2: walk (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: haeng
3: action
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤraŋ-s
Middle Chinese: haengH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kreːds
take, use
Old Chinese: *ləʔ
Middle Chinese: yiX
1: a kind of wheat
Old Chinese: *mə.rˤək (> *mə.rˤə)
Middle Chinese: loj
2: come
Old Chinese: *mə.rˤək (> *rˤə)
Middle Chinese: loj
yes, agree; satisfied, at ease
Old Chinese: *lo
Middle Chinese: yu
sell
Old Chinese: *[l][iw]k
Middle Chinese: yuwk
elder brother
Old Chinese: *m̥raŋ
Middle Chinese: xjwaeng
1: bring or send in
Old Chinese: *nˤ[u]p
Middle Chinese: nop
2: inside
Old Chinese: *nˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: nwojH
winter
Old Chinese: *tˤuŋ
Middle Chinese: towng
1: go to
Old Chinese: *[ts]ik
Middle Chinese: tsik
2: thereupon
Old Chinese: *[ts]ik
Middle Chinese: tsik
1: Zhōu (dynasty and place)
Old Chinese: *tiw
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
2: cycle; all around
Old Chinese: *tiw
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
kind, class
Old Chinese: *pʰr[ə]mʔ
Middle Chinese: phimX
fontanel
Old Chinese: *[s]ə[r]-s
Middle Chinese: sinH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋeːw
concubine
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ap
Middle Chinese: tshjep
ancestral temple
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤuŋ
Middle Chinese: tsowng
1: 3rd earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ər
Middle Chinese: yij
2: 3rd earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ər
Middle Chinese: yin
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡluːwɢ
1: honor (v.)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: tswon
2: wine-cup
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: tswon
mountain, hill
Old Chinese: *s-ŋrar
Middle Chinese: srean
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋrans
1: easy
Old Chinese: *lek-s
Middle Chinese: yeH
2: change; exchange
Old Chinese: *lek
Middle Chinese: yek
I, we, our
Old Chinese: *lrəmʔ
Middle Chinese: drimX
foot; stop
Old Chinese: *təʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyiX
people
Old Chinese: *mi[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: mjin
1: (respectful suffix in male names)
Old Chinese: *p(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
2: father
Old Chinese: *[N-p](r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuX
1st heavenly stem; fingernail
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤr[a]p
Middle Chinese: kaep
different
Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)ək-s
Middle Chinese: yiH
doubt
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)ə (< uvular)
Middle Chinese: ngi
1: a kind of bear
Old Chinese: *nˤə
Middle Chinese: noj
2: a kind of bear
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ŋ)
Middle Chinese: nong
3: able; ability
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ʔ) (~ *nˤəŋ)
Middle Chinese: nong
1: you
Old Chinese: *nak
Middle Chinese: nyak
2: agree
Old Chinese: *nak
Middle Chinese: nyak
10,000
Old Chinese: *C.ma[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjonH
pursue
Old Chinese: *truj
Middle Chinese: trwij
gather, collect
Old Chinese: *[dz][u]p
Middle Chinese: dzip
wait
Old Chinese: *s-no
Middle Chinese: sju
sound, tone
Old Chinese: *[q](r)əm
Middle Chinese: 'im
1: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·roːn
2: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·ron
3: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·rons
to sob
Old Chinese: *C.qʰˤuʔ (Shuōwén; no pre-Qín exx.)
Middle Chinese: khawX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsreːŋ
secondary
Old Chinese: *ʔˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: 'aeH
cut meat from the bone
Old Chinese: *kʷˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaeX
中冓 inner chamber
Old Chinese: *kˤ(r)o-s
Middle Chinese: kuwH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: m·ruɡ
1: longevity
Old Chinese: *[N-t]uʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyuwX
2: longevity
Old Chinese: *[N-t]uʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyuwH
1: heaven
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤi[n]
Middle Chinese: then
2: heaven
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤi[n] (W dialect: l̥ˤ- > Hàn-time *xˤ- > MC x-)
Middle Chinese: xen
girdle, strap
Old Chinese: *C.tˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tajH
extend
Old Chinese: *la[n]
Middle Chinese: yen
early
Old Chinese: *Nə.tsˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: tsawX
what
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤat
Middle Chinese: hat
forest
Old Chinese: *[r]əm
Middle Chinese: lim
military
Old Chinese: *m(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: mjuX
spring, source
Old Chinese: *s-N-ɢʷar (MC I!)
Middle Chinese: dzjwen
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: m̥ʰreːɡs
lawsuit; prison
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]rok
Middle Chinese: ngjowk
all
Old Chinese: *kˤrij
Middle Chinese: keaj
1: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡruːl
2: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡruːl
precious; expensive
Old Chinese: *kuj-s
Middle Chinese: kjw+jH
1: inner coffin
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤek
Middle Chinese: bek
2: law, rule; lawful
Old Chinese: *[N]-pek
Middle Chinese: bjiek
3: ruler, prince
Old Chinese: *pek
Middle Chinese: pjiek
advance (v.)
Old Chinese: *sə-lu[t]-s
Middle Chinese: zwijH
destroy
Old Chinese: *lˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: dwaX
a kind of bird
Old Chinese: *tur
Middle Chinese: tsywij
bone
Old Chinese: *kˤut
Middle Chinese: kwot
bird
Old Chinese: *tˤiwʔ
Middle Chinese: tewX
assist
Old Chinese: *m-təŋ
Middle Chinese: dzying
plant leaves
Old Chinese: *tˤrak
Middle Chinese: traek
1: penetrate
Old Chinese: *qʰˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: xaeng
2: (loan for) to boil
Old Chinese: *[p.qʰ]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: phaeng
3: sacrificial offering
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: xjangX
1: high; lift high
Old Chinese: *[k.ŋ]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: ngang
2: I, me
Old Chinese: *ŋˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: ngang
submit
Old Chinese: *m-kˤru[ŋ] (? < *-[u]m)
Middle Chinese: haewng
11th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *s.mi[t]
Middle Chinese: swit
this
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]e(j)ʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjeX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruːl
stone
Old Chinese: *dAk
Middle Chinese: dzyek
autumn; crop
Old Chinese: *tsʰiw
Middle Chinese: tshjuw
will-o'-the wisp
Old Chinese: *[r]ə[n]
Middle Chinese: lin
pheasant
Old Chinese: *lˤewk
Middle Chinese: dek
and, but
Old Chinese: *nə
Middle Chinese: nyi
1: ear
Old Chinese: *C.nəʔ
Middle Chinese: nyiX
2: =而已 “that’s all”
Old Chinese: *nəʔ
Middle Chinese: nyiX
reach to
Old Chinese: *m-rˤəp-s
Middle Chinese: dojH
1: chariot
Old Chinese: *[t.qʰ](r)A
Middle Chinese: tsyhae
2: chariot
Old Chinese: *C.q(r)a
Middle Chinese: kjo
1: to cure
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤawk
Middle Chinese: lak
2: joy; enjoy
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤawk
Middle Chinese: lak
3: cause to rejoice
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrawk-s
Middle Chinese: ngaewH
4: music
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrawk
Middle Chinese: ngaewk