Single-Exception Groups
These groups contain only 1 exceptional character pronunciation.
奇
1: odd (number)
Old Chinese: *[k](r)aj
Middle Chinese: kje
2: strange
Old Chinese: *N-k(r)aj
Middle Chinese: gje
好奇心
こうきしん
(n) curiosity/
寄稿
きこう
(n,vs) contribution (e.g. to newspaper)
椅子
いす
(n) (1) chair/
僉
all; many
Old Chinese: *s.qʰ[a]m (dialect: *s.qʰ > MC tsh-)
Middle Chinese: tshjem
質素倹約
しっそけんやく
(n,vs) (practice) simplicity and frugality/
剣道
けんどう
(n) kendo/
検査
けんさ
(n,vs) inspection (e.g. customs, factory)/
冒険
ぼうけん
(n,vs) risk/
中
1: center
Old Chinese: *truŋ
Middle Chinese: trjuwng
2: hit the center
Old Chinese: *truŋ-s
Middle Chinese: trjuwngH
中国
ちゅうごく
(n) (1) China/
仲裁
ちゅうさい
(n,vs) arbitration/
忠告
ちゅうこく
(n,vs) advice/
和洋折衷
わようせっちゅう
(n,adj-no) a blending of Japanese and Western styles/
同
together, join
Old Chinese: *lˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: duwng
同僚
どうりょう
(n) coworker/
寸胴
ずんどう
(adj-na,n) cylindrical container (pot, vase, etc.)/
及
reach to
Old Chinese: *[m-k-]rəp
Middle Chinese: gip
言及
げんきゅう
(n,vs) reference/
吸収
きゅうしゅう
(n,vs) absorption/
特急
とっきゅう
(n) (1) (abbr) limited express (train, faster than an express)/
肖
1: disappear
Old Chinese: *[s]ew
Middle Chinese: sjew
2: resemble
Old Chinese: *[s]ew-s
Middle Chinese: sjewH
春宵一刻
しゅんしょういっこく
(exp) a moment of time in a spring evening (is worth a thousand pieces of gold)
消費
しょうひ
(n,vs) consumption/
咅
1: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰɯʔ
Middle Chinese: pʰuʔ
2: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰl'oːs
Middle Chinese: tʰoːs
倍率
ばいりつ
(n) magnification/
培地
ばいち
(n) culture medium
賠償金
ばいしょうきん
(n) indemnities/
解剖学
かいぼうがく
(n) anatomy/
因
rely on
Old Chinese: *ʔi[n]
Middle Chinese: 'jin
要因
よういん
(n) main cause/
意
thought (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)ək-s
Middle Chinese: 'iH
記憶力
きおくりょく
(n) memory
化
transform
Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤ
Middle Chinese: xwaeH
化粧品
強化
文化
けしょうひん
きょうか
ぶんか
(n) cosmetics/
(n,vs) strengthen/
(n) (1) culture/
花粉症
かふんしょう
(n) hay fever/
百貨店
ひゃっかてん
(n) (department) store(s)/
果
fruit; result
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤo[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaX
効果
こうか
(n,adj-no) effect/
お菓子
おかし
(n) confections/
戸
戸籍
こせき
(n) census/
解雇
かいこ
(n,vs) discharge/
禺
1: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋo
2: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋos
配偶者
はいぐうしゃ
(n) spouse/
朱
1: dwarf
Old Chinese: *to
Middle Chinese: tsyu
2: red
Old Chinese: *to
Middle Chinese: tsyu
御朱印
ごしゅいん
(n) letter bearing the shogun's scarlet seal
雌雄同株
しゆうどうしゅ
(n) (in botany) monoecy/
特殊部隊
とくしゅぶたい
(n) special (military) force(s)
列
tear apart; rank
Old Chinese: *[r][e]t
Middle Chinese: ljet
行列
ぎょうれつ
(n,vs) (1) line/
熱烈
ねつれつ
(adj-na,n) ardent/
則
1: then
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤək
Middle Chinese: tsok
2: rule, pattern
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤək
Middle Chinese: tsok
外側
がいそく
(n) exterior/
辟
1: inner coffin
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤek
Middle Chinese: bek
2: law, rule; lawful
Old Chinese: *[N]-pek
Middle Chinese: bjiek
3: ruler, prince
Old Chinese: *pek
Middle Chinese: pjiek
性癖
せいへき
(n) disposition/
亥
12th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: hojX
弾劾裁判所
だんがいさいばんしょ
(n) (Japanese) Court of Impeachment
当該
とうがい
(adj-f,n) appropriate (authorities)/
并
1: combine two things
Old Chinese: *peŋ
Middle Chinese: pjieng
2: combine two things
Old Chinese: *peŋ-s
Middle Chinese: pjiengH
併設
へいせつ
(n,vs) establishment/
画餅
がべい
(n) failure/
土塀
どべい
(n) mud wall/
奔
run (v.)
Old Chinese: *pˤur
Middle Chinese: pwon
噴出
ふんしゅつ
(n,vs) spewing/
前方後円墳
ぜんぽうこうえんふん
(n) keyhole-shaped tumulus (form of ancient Imperial grave)
岡
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: klaːŋ
大綱
たいこう
(n) fundamental principles/
高
high, tall
Old Chinese: *Cə.[k]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: kaw
原稿
げんこう
(n) manuscript/
斤
axe; catty
Old Chinese: *[k]ər
Middle Chinese: kj+n
一斤
いっきん
(n) (1) 1 kin (~0.6kg)/
央
1: end (v.)
Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ
Middle Chinese: 'jang
2: center (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ
Middle Chinese: 'jang
映像
えいぞう
(n) reflection/
加
add
Old Chinese: *kˤraj
Middle Chinese: kae
追加
ついか
(n,vs) addition/
家
household
Old Chinese: *kˤra
Middle Chinese: kae
責任転嫁
せきにんてんか
(n) shift the responsibility (for something) on to (someone)/
本家
家族
実家
ほんけ
かぞく
じっか
(n) head house (family)/
(n) family/
(n) (one's parents') home/
稼働
かどう
(n,vs) operation (of machine)/
咸
all; everywhere
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤr[ə]m
Middle Chinese: heam
感動
かんどう
(n,vs) being deeply moved emotionally/
遺憾千万
いかんせんばん
(adj-na) highly regrettable/
加減
かげん
(n,adj-na) (1) addition and subtraction/
建
set up, establish
Old Chinese: *[k]a[n]-s
Middle Chinese: kjonH
健康診断
けんこうしんだん
(n) physical examination
建立
建築
建設
こんりゅう
けんちく
けんせつ
(n,vs) (act of) building (temple, monument, etc.)/
(n,vs) construction/
(n,vs) construction/
鍵盤楽器
けんばんがっき
(n) keyboard (keyed) instrument
告
1: announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: kawH
2: announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk
Middle Chinese: kowk
告知
こくち
(n,vs) notice/
過酷
かこく
(adj-na,n) rigour/
袁
long robe
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷa[n]
Middle Chinese: hjwon
野猿
やえん
(n) wild monkey
全
complete (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[dz]o[n]
Middle Chinese: dzjwen
詮索
せんさく
(n,vs) inquiry into/
夬
divide, make a breach
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷˤret-s
Middle Chinese: kwaejH
解決
かいけつ
(n,vs) settlement/
巠
a vein of water (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *k.lˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: keng
写経
経験
経済
しゃきょう
けいけん
けいざい
(n,vs) hand-copied sutras/
(n,vs) experience/
(n,vs) economics/
熒
dazzle
Old Chinese: *[N]-qʷˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: hweng
栄光
えいこう
(n) glory/
林
forest
Old Chinese: *[r]əm
Middle Chinese: lim
解禁
かいきん
(n,vs) lifting a ban/
般
1: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: praːn
2: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: paːn
3: TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: baːn
搬送
はんそう
(n,vs,vt) transportation/
呈
to manifest
Old Chinese: *lreŋ
Middle Chinese: drjeng
刃
edge of a blade
Old Chinese: *nə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: nyinH
忍耐力
にんたいりょく
(n) fortitude
疋
foot
Old Chinese: *sra
Middle Chinese: srjo
疎通
そつう
(n,vs) (1) (mutual) understanding/
蒦
catch, get
Old Chinese: *m-qʷˤrak
Middle Chinese: hweak
捕獲
ほかく
(n,vs) capture/
堇
1: time, season
Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]
Middle Chinese: gin
2: (a kind of vegetable)
Old Chinese: *kə[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kj+nX
3: clay
Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]
Middle Chinese: gin
僅少
きんしょう
(adj-no) (a) few/
出勤
勤行
しゅっきん
ごんぎょう
(n,vs) going to work/
(n) Buddhist religious service
舁
give
Old Chinese: *m-q(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: yoX
関与
かんよ
(n,vs) participation/
敬
respectful
Old Chinese: *kreŋ(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: kjaengH
敬意
けいい
(n) respect/
甚
1: excessive, very
Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyimX
2: excessive
Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyimH
勘定
かんじょう
(n,vs) calculation/
堪忍
かんにん
(int,n) pardon/
原
1: spring, source; origin
Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
2: high plain (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
充
full, fill
Old Chinese: *tʰuŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyhuwng
充電
じゅうでん
(n,vs) (1) charging (electrically)/
垂
hang down
Old Chinese: *[d]o[j]
Middle Chinese: dzywe
懸垂
けんすい
(n,vs) pull-up/
侖
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: run
倫理
りんり
(n) ethics/
君
lord; ruler
Old Chinese: *C.qur
Middle Chinese: kjun
症候群
しょうこうぐん
(n) syndrome/
証券
しょうけん
(n) securities/
門
gate, door
Old Chinese: *mˤə[r]
Middle Chinese: mwon
時事問題
じじもんだい
(n) current question/
前代未聞
新聞社
産経新聞
ぜんだいみもん
しんぶんしゃ
さんけいしんぶん
(n,adj-no) unheard-of/
(n) newspaper company/
(n) Sankei newspaper
聖
sage (n.)
Old Chinese: *l̥eŋ-s
Middle Chinese: syengH
気象庁
きしょうちょう
(n) Meteorological Agency/
竹
bamboo
Old Chinese: *truk
Middle Chinese: trjuwk
吴
娯楽施設
ごらくしせつ
(n) amusement (recreational) facilities
旡
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯds
概念
がいねん
(n) general idea/
比
1: compare
Old Chinese: *C.pijʔ
Middle Chinese: pjijX
2: combine; all
Old Chinese: *pij-s
Middle Chinese: pjijH
批判的
ひはんてき
(adj-na,n) critical/
両陛下
りょうへいか
(n) Their Majesties/
柬
select, distinguish
Old Chinese: *kˤr[a]nʔ
Middle Chinese: keanX
錬金術師
れんきんじゅつし
(n) alchemist
壬
9th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *n[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nyim
担任
たんにん
(n,vs) (1) in charge (of something)/
不妊
ふにん
(n) infertility/
畾
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruːl
斬
cut off
Old Chinese: *[ts]ramʔ
Middle Chinese: tsreamX
斬首
ざんしゅ
(n,vs) decapitated head/
庚
7th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *kˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: kaeng
卜
divine (v.)
Old Chinese: *pˤok
Middle Chinese: puwk
沿
go along (a river); follow
Old Chinese: *lon
Middle Chinese: ywen
沿岸
えんがん
(n) coast/
耳
1: ear
Old Chinese: *C.nəʔ
Middle Chinese: nyiX
2: =而已 “that’s all”
Old Chinese: *nəʔ
Middle Chinese: nyiX
中耳炎
ちゅうじえん
(n) tympanitis (inflammation of middle ear)/
縣
1: district
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ʷˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: hwenH
2: suspend
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷˤe[n]
Middle Chinese: hwen
懸念材料
一生懸命
懸賞
けねんざいりょう
いっしょうけんめい
けんしょう
(n) cause (grounds) for concern (anxiety)/
(adj-na,n-adv,n) very hard/
(n) offering prizes/
無
1: not have
Old Chinese: *ma
Middle Chinese: mju
2: volitional prefix
Old Chinese: *ma
Middle Chinese: mju
3: don’t
Old Chinese: *mo
Middle Chinese: mju
無難
無料
無理
ぶなん
むりょう
むり
(adj-na,n) safety/
(n,adj-no) free/
(adj-na,n,vs) unreasonable/
示
1: show (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-gijʔ-s
Middle Chinese: zyijH
2: put (= 寘)
Old Chinese: *ke-s
Middle Chinese: tsyeH
展示
黙示録
公示
てんじ
もくしろく
こうし
(n,vs) exhibition/
(n) Revelation (book of the Bible)/
(n,vs) edict/
閒
明
bright
Old Chinese: *mraŋ
Middle Chinese: mjaeng
明後日
明治
明確
みょうごにち
めいじ
めいかく
(n-adv,n-t) day after tomorrow/
(n) Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)/
(adj-na,n) clear up/
气
(inhaled thing:) breath, air, vapors
Old Chinese: *C.qʰəp-s
Middle Chinese: khj+jH
湿気
人気
人気
しっけ
じんき
にんき
(n) moisture/
(n) prevailing mood of a locality/
(n,adj-no,adj-na) popular/
肰
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njen
天然記念物
徒然
当然
てんねんきねんぶつ
とぜん
とうぜん
(n) (1) natural monument/
(adj-na,adv,n) tedium
(adj-na,adj-no) natural/
兄
elder brother
Old Chinese: *m̥raŋ
Middle Chinese: xjwaeng
兄弟姉妹
兄妹
従兄弟
きょうだいしまい
けいまい
じゅうけいてい
(n) brothers and sisters/
(n) older brother and younger sister
(n) (uk) male cousin
末
end of a branch
Old Chinese: *mˤat
Middle Chinese: mat
一抹
いちまつ
(n) (1) (a) touch of/
名
name
Old Chinese: *C.meŋ
Middle Chinese: mjieng
早
early
Old Chinese: *Nə.tsˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: tsawX
早期
早速
早急
そうき
さっそく
さっきゅう
(n) early stage/
(adv) at once/
(adj-na,n) urgent/
夫
1: man
Old Chinese: *p(r)a
Middle Chinese: pju
2: this, that
Old Chinese: *[b]a
Middle Chinese: bju
3: final particle
Old Chinese: *ba
Middle Chinese: bju
夫人
夫婦
老夫婦
ぶにん
ふうふ
ろうふうふ
(n) (1) (arch) consort of the emperor
(n) married couple/
(n) an old couple/
食
1: eat
Old Chinese: *mə-lək
Middle Chinese: zyik
2: feed (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-m-lək-s
Middle Chinese: ziH
食欲
食堂
昼食
しょくよく
じきどう
ちゅうじき
(n) appetite (for food)/
(n) (Buddh) dining hall (at a temple)
(n) (1) lunch/
象
elephant
Old Chinese: *s.[d]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: zjangX
仏像
ぶつぞう
(n) Buddhist image (statue)/
唯
only
Old Chinese: *ɢʷij (< *ɢʷuj?)
Middle Chinese: ywij
唯我独尊
唯唯諾諾
ゆいがどくそん
いいだくだく
(n) self-conceit/
(uK) (adj-t,adv-to) quite willingly/
士
officer; gentleman
Old Chinese: *[m-s-]rəʔ
Middle Chinese: dzriX
仕様
奉仕
しよう
ほうし
(n) (1) way/
(n,vs) attendance/
就
go to
Old Chinese: *[dz]u[k]-s
Middle Chinese: dzjuwH
就任
成就
大願成就
しゅうにん
じょうじゅ
たいがんじょうじゅ
(n,vs) inauguration/
(n,vs) fulfillment/
(n,vs) realization of a great ambition/
一蹴
いっしゅう
(n,vs) kick/
金
metal, bronze
Old Chinese: *k(r)[ə]m
Middle Chinese: kim
金色
料金
金融
こんじき
りょうきん
きんゆう
(n) golden (colour, color)/
(n) fee/
(n) financing/
參
1: accumulate
Old Chinese: r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshom
2: 參差 tsrhim.tsrhje uneven
Old Chinese: *[tsʰr][u]m
Middle Chinese: tsrhim
3: three
Old Chinese: *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: sam
4: the constellation Orion’ (named for the three stars in Orion’s belt)
Old Chinese: *srum (should be *s.rum)
Middle Chinese: srim
参照
さんしょう
(n,vs) reference/
流
flow (v.)
Old Chinese: *ru
Middle Chinese: ljuw
流行
流浪
流刑
りゅうこう
るろう
るけい
(n,vs,adj-no) fashion/
(n,vs) vagrancy/
(n,vs) exile/
硫化水素
りゅうかすいそ
(n) hydrogen sulphide/
暴
1: violent
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤawk-s
Middle Chinese: bawH
2: expose to sun
Old Chinese: *m-pˤawk
Middle Chinese: buwk
暴落
暴露
暴露戦術
ぼうらく
ばくろ
ばくろせんじゅつ
(n,vs) slump/
(n,vs) disclosure/
(n) exposure tactics/
叚
borrow
Old Chinese: *Cə.kˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: kaeX
仮病
仮面
仮想
けびょう
かめん
かそう
(n) feigned illness
(n) (1) mask/
(n,vs) imagination/
鄉
1: village; district
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ
Middle Chinese: xjang
2: feast
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: xjangX
3: to face
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: xjangH
郷土
水郷
近郷
きょうど
すいごう
きんごう
(n) native place/
(n) beautiful riverside location
(n) neighboring districts/
守
1: keep, guard
Old Chinese: *s-tuʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
2: territory in somebody's guard, fief
Old Chinese: *s.tuʔ-s
Middle Chinese: syuwH
保守
留守番
留守
ほしゅ
るすばん
るす
(n,vs) maintenance/
(n,vs) (1) care-taking/
(n,vs) (1) absence/
沙
sand
Old Chinese: *sˤraj
Middle Chinese: srae
ご無沙汰
ごぶさた
(n,vs) not writing or contacting for a while/
砂漠
土砂
砂利
さばく
どしゃ
じゃり
(n) desert/
(n) earth and sand/
(n) (1) gravel/
郤
(place and family name)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰrak
Middle Chinese: khjaek
魚
fish (n.)
Old Chinese: *[r.ŋ]a
Middle Chinese: ngjo
册
tablet, records
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ](ˤ)rek
Middle Chinese: tsrheak
冊立
一冊
別冊
さくりつ
いっさつ
べっさつ
(n,vs) imperial investiture
(n) one copy (e.g. book)
(n) separate volume/
竟
end, in the end
Old Chinese: *[k]raŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: kjaengH
量
1: measure (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ
Middle Chinese: ljang
2: measure (n.)
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: ljangH
食糧不足
兵糧
兵糧米
しょくりょうふそく
ひょうろう
ひょうろうまい
(n) food shortage
(n) (army) provisions/
(n) army rice
毛
hair
Old Chinese: *C.mˤaw
Middle Chinese: maw